1、2. compoundlexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word-Quirk et al 1985 Characteristics of compounds Phonological features:In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrase the second ele
2、ment is generally accented if there is only one stress. But it is not absolute as in bottle-green as well as in combing-form compound, socio-linguistic, psycho-analysis. 2). Semantic features: every compound should express a single idea just as one word, i.e. it is idiomatic. e.g. green hand-inexper
3、ienced personred meat-beef or mutton3).grammaical features: the one-wordness of compounds can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphologically.e.g. He bad-mouthed me.Plural forms of compound nouns usually take inflectional s at the end, as in new-borns, three-year-olds, etc. But there
4、are also exceptions if their one-wordness identity is apparent, as in brothers-in-law, lookers-on,etc. 4). Orthographical features: in most cases, compounds are written either solid or hyphenate as in flower-pot, flowerpot, flower pot. It largely depends on an individuals preference. British speaker
5、s tend to hyphenate compounds while Americans like to write compounds like free phrases.2. Formation of compounds1). Noun compoundssubject+ verb daybreak dancing girlverb+ object handshake meat delivery housekeepingverb-adverbial Under this category, the adverbial can be subclassified as that of pla
6、ce, time, instrument and others.Place: hiding-place drinking cup filmgoer table-talkTime: sleep-walking day-dreamer night flightInstrument: sewing machine handwriting gunfightOthers: shadow-boxing telephone callSubject + object : air rifle power plant television screenSubject + complement: girlfrien
7、d longboat chocolate bar safety-belt 2) Adjective CompoundsN + v-ing record-breakingA + v-ing easy-going, high-soundingN + a: warweary, thread-bareA + a : bitter-sweetN + v-ed :custom-built, town-breda(adv) +v-ed far-fetched, hard-wonn(a) +n-ed: short-sighted, lion-heartedNum +n: ten-storey, four-le
8、gNum +n-ed: one-eyed, two-leggedAdv +v-ing: forth-comingV-ed+adv: worn-out Adjective compounds can be paraphrased with reference to their internal grammatical relationship.Verb+object: breath-taking life-givingVerb+adverbial: fist-fighting home-madeVerb+predicative: sweet-smelling good-lookingnoun-a
9、dverbial +adjective: homesick snow-whiteCoordinating relation: sino-American phonetic-syntactic 3) verb compoundsThrough conversion: nickname(n)-to nickname moonlight(n)-to moonlightThrough backformation: lip-reading-to lip-read mass production-to mass-produceExercise: What are the criteria by which
10、 to differentiate compounds from free phrases? Analyze the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.heartbeat brainwashing movie-goer baking powerfar-reaching lion-hearted(非常勇敢的) boyfriend snap decision on-coming light-blue lovesick easy chairTax-free goings-on 3)
11、 what are the usual methods to form compound verbs? Give examples 4). Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.well- -bound -work -worthy -woman wide -minded -style self- -related -proof once-news- mock- -in-law home- half- ever-conscious -based
