1、1雅思写作精编2011上半年讲义张凯轩目录I. 写作评分标准II. 小作文类型介绍III. 小作文线状图及变化IV. 小作文表格图及变化V. 小作文多图结合VI. 小作文地图流程图VII. 大作文类型介绍VIII. 大作文常用学术词IX. 大作文单边论现象题句型，思路及范文X. 大作文单边论观点题句型，思路及范文XI. 大作文双边观点题句型，思路及范文XII. 大作文原因解决论句型，思路及范文XIII. 大作文杂论（个性化议论文）句型，思路及范文XIV. 张老师2011 年下半年总预测24 题，部分题思路分解XV. 对学员的期待和继续学习的方法XVI. 附件一：小作文图集XVII. 附件二：大
2、作文真题集2写作评分标准以及考试要求知己知彼我们首先了解雅思写作考试方需要什么IELTS Writing 首先分2个sectionSection I: Figure Writing or Diagram or Maps通常评分比例：40%考试理想时间安排10-15minutes 最多耗时不超过 20minutes字数要求：150 Section II：British Essay Writing通常评分比例：60%考试理想时间安排30-40minutes 最多耗时不超过 45minutes字数要求：250 雅思作文有4 大评分标准Task ResponseCoherence first and
3、foremost, in addition, last but not the least类似的递进关系 ： To be specific; in other words; By that I mean; That is particularly the case因果关系 ： therefore; hence; thus; so转折关系 ： however; Nevertheless; Nonetheless; 句内连接 ：状语从句 ： if/provided that/as long as/notuntil; especially when/where.; because定语从句 ： whe
4、n=在那时 ； where=在哪里 ； which=这 /那 ； the reason why =的原因 Lexical Resource词源：词汇3大标准，依次为：1. 准确性2. 学术性3. 多样性要做到以上3 点，首先要破除 大词，难词，换词是 考高分 最重要的因素。因为，有这种观点往往会导致一些坏处：可能因为想词影响考生的思维顺畅和逻辑合理，因为想单词 的时间太久了大词难词不见得合适举个例子：在生活水平类题目（比如 时尚 /旅游 /留学行业发展的好坏 ）中，我们很可能用到 有助于相关行业就业机会的增长，这就形成了一个 良性循环 。对于该句的划线部分，很多考生的第一反映是 favorab
5、le/beneficial/wonderful这些词，但是其实这些词都 过大了 ，我们完全可以用 a good circulation of economy 。在这里 good就是准确的，一定要学术的话， sound这个词或者 positive都比较好。对于涂色的部分 形成 ， 我曾经问过同学 ， 大部分人第一反映是 form， 这就是明显 中文翻译和英文应用不符合 的现象 ， 应该用 make up, 如果想好看点可以用 contribute to, 如果说既准确又学术的 ， 要数 constitute。备注 ：i. 大家可以查看 剑 6test2。 Do advertisements sh
6、ow peoples real demands? 其中 advertising/advertisement这两个同 ii. 根词被反复 iii.5使用 12次 ， iv. 该范文评分 7.5；v. 另外 剑 6test3， vi. 流程图 the life cycle of silkworms and the production of silk cloth 中 ， vii.飞蛾产卵 的 产 ， viii. 蚕虫吐丝 的吐 ， ix. 制造丝布 的 制造 全部都使用的 produce一词 ， x. 这是考官范文。xi. 还有一个例子是 (2007.10.13) Some employers f
7、ocus on academic qualifications, paying less attention to life experiences and personal qualities. Why is this phenomena? Is this development positive or negative? (社会现象类 )xii. 面对这个题很多考生绞尽脑汁找到 同 xiii. 义词比如 certificates, degrees, diplomas ， xiv. 时间花去了不 xv. 少 ， xvi.哪知道这 3个词严格来讲都无法替代 academic qualifica
8、tions,因为 academic qualifications包括以上 3者 ， xvii. 这个词是 不 xviii.能换 的。那么如何做到多样性的词汇呢，我认为应该和思路结合，比如说相关政府部门relevant government departments可以改为 相关权威authorities related. 而且更多的多样性体现在动词上，而不是关键性的名词，比如说经济可以被促进可译为：The economy can be promoted/ helped/ enhanced/ improved. 小作文中的上升一词可以写为: increase/rise/growGrammar an
9、d Accuracy：语法精确性1. 写对的句子2. 句型的变化如何写对的句子，主要检查完整性，因为中文很多情况下都只可意会不可言传比如说去博物馆比上网有更有感觉考生1翻译可能是 ：visit museums has more feeling than surf the Internet. 考生2翻译可能是 : Visiting museums can offer visitors more feeling than surfing the Internet can. 划线部分是改变 词性 和补充 结构完整 的6其实2个都不对 ，真正的意思首先要从中文改 ，改为人们可能感觉更好当他们在博物馆欣
10、赏真实的展品，相比在网上看照片而言，那么翻译就变成了 ：Visitors may feel better when they view real exhibits in museums than when they see pictures online. 划线部分是补充意思的句子的多样性和词汇的多样性一样，也是来自于思路 的变化比如在小作文的多线图中，经常可能用到这样一个句型 A和 B可以被分为一组，他们的数据显示上升的趋势 ，可译为：A and B can be categorized in a group, which witnessed the trend of an increase
11、 in their figures. 要该句型，先改中文： 另外一组包括 C和 D, 在那里我们可以在其数据中看到下降的趋势 ，英文则变化为Another group included C and D, where we can see the tendency of a decline in the number. 总而言之，不论是雅思作文还是任何其他考试类英语议论文都逃不过两条1. Human language is only the vehicle of human thoughts. 人类语言是表达思维的工具。因此英语议论文同样是首先考察考生的逻辑能力（包括task response回
12、答问题、论证问题 ；coherence and cohesion合理有效的连接）2. IELTS=International English Language Testing System考察对于English的运用能力 （包括词汇lexical resource，和语法句子精确grammar and accuracy）所以我们讲IELTS writing，基本讲法必须包括：中文思路和论证方法以及相关的常用例子和参考资料的推荐，因为学生是中国学生，所以上课应该是讲中文的。如何做到，准确翻译，学术翻译，地道翻译（多样化）7小作文类型介绍8从以上的图片，大家就可以看到小作文其实有3大类1. fig
13、ure writing数据写作，旗下分为4小类a. line chart 现状图b. pie chart 饼状图c. bar chart 柱状图d. table 表格图2. diagram 流程图3. maps 地图9小作文线状图及变化线状图首先看单线图，因为这是所有图的基础见下图设上图题目为 X, X=the number of full-time nurses in China between 1960 and 1990 measured in million基本句型该数据下降了，从1960年的5百万到1962年的3 百万The number decreased from 5million
14、 in 1960 to 3million in 1962. 在该数据中有一个下降，从1960年的5百万到1962年的3百万There was a decrease in the number from同上我们可以看到该数据中有一个下降We can see a decrease同上在该数据中有一个下降可以被看到A decrease can be seen in the 同上从1960到1962这段时间见证了该数字的下降从5百万到3百万The time from 1960 to 1962 witnessed an increase in the number from N1 to N2.基本词汇趋
15、势 基本名词 基本动词过去时上升 increase/ rise/ growth Increased/ rose/ grew10下降 decrease/ fall/ decline Decreased/ fell/ declined持平 Leveling-off/ leveling-out Kept unchanged/ remained constant趋势的描述 基本形容词 基本副词稍微 Slight/ almost invisible Slightly/ almost invisibly缓慢、平缓 Gradual/ steady Gradually/ steadily 明显 Apparen
16、t/ obvious Apparently/ obviously显著 Dramatic/ remarkable Dramatically/ remarkably急剧 Sharp/ shocking Sharply/ shockingly 基本连接词先看这个句子该数据数首先下降从1960年的5百万到1962年的3百万，然后我们可以看到一个上升到1964年的6百万。( 划线部分为连接词 )The number first decreased from 5million in 1960 to 3million in 1962, and then we can see a rise to 6milli
17、on in 1964. 接下来如何替换and then中文然后可以被替换为在这时/在这个地方/紧接着是 /(断句)。此后，对应的英文是:, when/ where/ which was followed by a rise/ (断句). Subsequently,/ Thereafter, 中文思路首段：介绍图形和总趋势中段：细节变化尾段：最值和可能的未来变化（被动语态）单曲线范文：This graph shows the changes in the number of full-time nurses in China during the time from 1960 to 1990.
18、The general trend displayed a rise, though there was some variation half way through. 11The number first decreased from 5million in 1960 to 3million in 1962, and then we can see a rise to 6million in 1964, when there was a slight decrease. Subsequently, the time from 1966 to 1976 witnessed a gradual
19、 rise in the number to about 8million, which was followed by a leveling-off in the next 10 years, where a steady growth can be finally seen from this chart. 过渡1. According to the figure, 2. As can be also seen,3. It is noticeable that the number reached its bottom at 3million in1962 (peaked at _ in
20、_) and was expected to keep rising.课堂/课后练习见附件112双曲线super雅思教材第6 代 雅思考试写作金牌教程（6分7.5分） Page67-119中文思路首段：介绍图形和总趋势中段：细节变化尾段：比较双曲线范文：This graph shows the changes in the percentage of TV viewers and that of radio listeners out of the whole UK population over 4 years within a day. Both lines indicate the ge
21、neral trend of a fall after rise. The proportion of TV viewers first rises from 3% at 6:00am to 10% at 8:00, which is followed by a basic leveling-off until 12:00 at noon, where we can see a constant increase to 50% at 8:00pm, the peak. Subsequently, after a sharp decline from 8:00pm to the midnight
22、, the number keeps falling back to 3% at 6:00am next day morning. In the percentage of radio listeners, there is a fast rise from 5% at 6:00am to 30% at 9:00am and then a continuous decline back to the starting point next morning, 13though with fluctuations. It is very noticeable that between 6:00am
23、 and 2:00pm there are more radio listeners than TV viewers while in the rest of time TV is more popular. 3条曲线课堂练习请同学们以我们上述的2曲线单曲线章节中已经教过的思路和表达来独立完成以上3曲线的图表。请控制时间在30min以内课堂/课后练习见附件114多曲线剑桥7test2，X=the fish and meat consumption per person per week in a European country中文思路首段: 介绍+根据总趋势分组中间段: 按照趋势分组写最后段
24、：对比/最值范文This graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004. In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar qu
25、antities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).15However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to jus
26、t below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable. The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. by 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. Ov
27、erall the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other food decreased over the period. 课堂/课后练习见附件1变化图以及课堂课后练习见附件116小作文表格图及变化表格图基本分3 种1. 排序型2. 双边对比型3. 多边对比型排序型剑桥4test1基本句型表示百分比的穷人在孤寡老人型家庭中所占的比例为6% (54,000)Those families lived in poverty took up
28、/ accounted for/ made up / constituted 6% of all the families of single aged person (54,000). There were 54,000 families of single aged person that lived in poverty, constituting/ taking up/ accounting for/ making up 6% of all families of this type. 6% of the families of single aged person, 54,000 f
29、amilies, lived in poverty. 表示排序的最大的百分比可以被看到在单亲家庭中（21%，232,000 穷人） ，紧接着是单身家庭中的百分比（19%，211,000穷人） ，然而我们可以看出两个最小的比例分别在孤寡老人家庭中（6%，54,000穷人）和老年夫妇家庭中（4%，48,000） 。17The largest percentage can be seen in the families of sole parent (21% with 232,000 people in poverty), which was followed by that in the fami
30、lies of single without children (19%, 211,000), while we can see the two smallest proportions respectively in the families of single aged person (6%, 54,000) and in those of aged couple (4%, 48,000).思路:首段：介绍中间段：比例大小分组最后段：总结范文：The table gives a breakdown of the different types of family who were livi
31、ng in poverty in Australia in 1999. On average, 11% of all household, comparing almost two million people, were in this position. However, those consisting of only on parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.Couples generally tended to
32、be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%). It is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time. Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though
33、 once again the trend favored elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%). Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples. 课堂/课后练习见附件118双边对比型基本句型A的数字比 B的数字大（小）The numbe
34、r of A is larger/greater/higher (smaller/lower) than that of BThere are more (less) A than B. A takes up/ constitutes/ makes up larger proportion in all than B does思路首段：介绍中间段：对比分组最后段：特殊值范文：This graph shows the number and proportion of alien plants species on 7 ocean islands. According to the differe
35、nce between the number of native species and that of alien ones on each island, the 7 islands can be divided into 2groups. The first group includes New Zealand, South Georgia, Kerguelan and Tristan da Cunha, which feature more alien plant types than local ones, respectively with 1200, 26, 29 and 70
36、native species and 1700, 54, 33 and 97 foreign species. 19In contrast, Campbell Island, Falklands and Tierra del Fuego can be categorized together where we larger numbers of local species (respectively at 128, 160 and 430) than the numbers of foreign ones (respectively at 81, 89 and 128). It is noti
37、ceable that New Zealand has the most plant species at 2900, while share the same percentage of alien species in flora with Tristan da Cunha at 58.6%. 课堂/课后练习见附件120多边对比型super雅思教材第6 代 雅思考试写作金牌教程（6分7.5分） Page67-119上图为剑桥5test4思路首段：介绍中间段：拆分为3 个独立的 排序图最后一段：联系范文（剑4test2：sample answer7分）The table shows the
38、details regarding the underground railway systems in six cities. London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 140 years old. The system is Paris is the second oldest, in which it was opened in 1900. This was then followed b
39、y the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway systems, and was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size of the railway systems, London, for certain, has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometers o
40、f route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Kyoto, in contrast, has 21the smallest system. It only has 11kilometers of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London. Interestingly, Tokyo which only has 155 kilometers of route, serves the greatest number of
41、passengers per year at 1927 millions passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 million passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year as predicted. In conclusion, the underground railw
42、ay systems in different cities vary a lot in the size of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. 课堂/课后练习见附件122小作文多图结合仔细看上图其实就是现状图和排序图的结合，因此句型没必要再讲直接讲思路出范文(剑5test2)思路首段：介绍图形中间段：分别写两个图最后一段：联系范文：（考生范文sample test, scored 8）The first graph shows that there is a
43、gradual decrease in study from career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of the students under 26 years study for their career. This percentage gradually decline by 10 to 20 percent every decade. Only 40% of 40 to 49 years olds and 18% of over 49yr olds are studying for career reasons in late adulthood. 2
44、3Conversely, the first graph also shows that study stemming from interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 4
45、0 to 49yr olds study for career and interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group. The graph shows that employer support is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26ys students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulth
46、ood up to about 44%. It is unclear that the reasons of study are related to the employer support for employees of different age groups. However, it is obvious that those young people who study for career are popular among employers. 课堂/课后练习见附件124小作文地图流程图地图主要考两点1. 描述一个地方的布局2. 使用多个表示坐落的句型首先我们看张图基本方位词在
47、。 。 。东边 in the east of (隔壁) on the east of .(远) to the east of 上下左右of the mapAt the top/bottom of the map; on the left/right of the mapClockwise, 3 is next/neighboring to 2. 7 is between/ guarded by 6 on the east and 8 on the west. From the left to the right, there are 8, 7 and 6 at the bottom of th
48、e map. Eastward, .A river which flows from the north to the southA southward river25基本句型A在。 。 。A is.A is locatedThere is A.We can see A.A can be seenThere lies/stands/locates A练习请大家用我们学过的句子来练习上图时间30推荐首段句型：this map shows the layout(布局 ) of X(题目).多地图见右图主要讲变化was built.was expanded towas demolished.was
49、cut down in size .was relocated towas rebuilt into.26流程图super雅思教材第6 代 雅思考试写作金牌教程（6分7.5分） Page120-135主要考察1.看图说话能力2.适当连接和利用简单动词常用连接词, and then/ , before / After, , which/ where/ when.Subsequently, /Thereafter, /Then, First; Finally,.At that time; /, at that place;常用简单动词放Put, place; 送send, convey, transport; 混合 mix, stir, combine; 破/开break, 27open, cut; 加热 heat, warm, dry, burn, roast; 制冷：cool, refrigerate, freez
