1、I被动语态的应用“The Application of Passive Voice“毕业论文选题报告及文献综述表一、课题目的、意义与主要内容：随着世界的发展和全球化的渐趋实现，英语的使用越来越广泛，因此，学习英语的人越来越多，很多人在学习英语的过程中发现语法是最难掌握的一部分，所以，我选择了语法方面的课题，本篇论文主要是探讨一下被动语态的应用，同时，也能让我对被动语态有更深的认识。二、论题研究方案：（论题研究的思路、角度与方法）首先，我在脑中形成一个思路，列出一个大纲，大概知道分几方面写，然后通过去书城、上网等收集各方面的资料，仔细揣摩，最后，列出知识点，并选出每个知识点的具有代表性的句子和例
2、子。三、阶段性工作计划开始时间 2011 年 1 月 完成时间 2011 年 4 月 答辩时间 2011 年 月阶段时间 论文各阶段的主要内容 完成形式 备注1 月 10 日-2 月 10 日2 月 11 日-3 月 1 日3 月 2 日-3 月 17 日3 月 18 日-4 月 2 日收集材料编写初稿修改初稿并改进初稿修改二稿并改进二稿准备齐全初稿成形二稿成形出成稿II摘 要随着社会的发展和全球化的渐趋实现，学习英语的人越来越多，但真正能成为“英语高手”的人却很少，几乎所有英语学习者都一致认为，英语语法是英语学习中最难掌握的一个部分。语法是运用语言的规则，语言的运用，如同驾车，懂了规则不一定
3、开得好，但倘若不懂规则就上路，危险就大了，语法是学步者的拐杖，虽说走不了多快，但对于初学者来说，也是个离不开的工具。学习语法是一件苦差事，无多少乐趣可言，虽是一剂苦药，但对于英语学习者来说，却是一剂有助于祛除语病的良药，能够让你的英语表达更加流畅、准确。语法的学习，宜循序渐进，细水长流，不可能一蹴而就，宜举一反三，灵活运用，不宜死记硬背，生搬硬套，如此一来，学习语法的最佳策略应该是自己找一本简明的语法书来细心揣摩，日积月累，这样，你会不断提高你的语法水平。关键词：英语高手 语法 最佳策略 IIIAbstractWith the development of society and global
4、ization achieved, more and more people become “the excellent English learner”. Almost all the English learner think, English Grammar is the difficult part in learning English. Grammar is the regulations that apply the language, applying of language, as driving a car, although you understand the rule
5、s, you may not drive well, if you dont understand the rules when you drive a car on the road, you may be dangerous. Grammar is beginners walking stick, though you cant walk quickly, to be a learner in the first stage, it is still a tool you cant leave. Learning Grammar is a hard thing, without much
6、pleasure, it looks like a dose of medicine, but to be an English learner, it is a dose of medicine which help you get rid of faulty wording, it can make your English express smoothly and correctly. Learning of Grammar, should proceed step by step, water flowing out in a trickle takes a long time to
7、exhaust, cant reach the goal in one step, should draw inferences about other cases from one instance, apply flexible, shouldnt memorize without understanding copy mechanically, so the best stratagem of learning Grammar is find a simple and clear Grammar book to think of carefully, accumulate day by
8、day and month by month, if you do so, you will improve you Grammar continuously. Key Words：the excellent English learner Grammar the best stratagemIV引 言被动语态是英语中使用最广的句型之一，尤其是在科技与政论文体中的使用最为频繁，英语被动语态都有明显的形式标志，且有种种时态变化，与此相对，汉语的被动句中都没有明显的形式标志，被动意义往往隐含在字里行间，因此，学生们在英语表达时常常忽略被动语态的使用。被动语态便于论述客观事实，多用于书面语，特别在科
9、技文献、新闻报道、书刊介绍及景物描写中使用较多，在口语中使用较少。这篇论文对英语语法中的被动语态做了系统的分析和探讨，通过不断的学习和研究让我对被动语态有了更深的认识。V目 录摘 要 .IAbstract II引 言 III目 录 IV1 语态 12 被动语态的构成.12.1 被动语态的各种句式32.2 含有情态动词的被动语态.32.3 各种时态的被动语态.42.4 一些不定式结构的被动形式63 被动语态的用法.74 主动与被动的转化 . 95 被动语态与系表结构的对照 126 被动语态的逻辑主语.137 被动语态的常见难点.147.1 被动形式表示主动意义.147.2 主动形式表示被动意义
10、.147.3 不可转换为被动句的主动句 .16结 论 17参考文献 18致 谢 1911 语态语态（Voice）：是一种动词形式，用来表示主语与动词所表示的动作之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：被动语态（Passive Voice）和主动语态（Active Voice） 。这里我们只研究被动语态在各个方面的应用。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，又称受动者，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。一般来说，主动句侧重于行为者，被动句侧重于动作的对象或动作的本身。例如：主动句：Peter cleaned the meeting room every day.彼得每天打扫会议室。被动句：The meetin
11、g room was cleaned every day.会议室每天都（由彼得）打扫。其中在被动结构的句子中，动作的执行者可以由介词 by 引起的短语表示。The composition was written by Tom.以下将会介绍被动语态是怎么构成的以及应用的场合。2 被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词 be 有时与体的变化，被动语态的时与体就是借助动词 be 来体现的，助动词 be 还要在人称和数上的主语保持一致。现以 tell 为例，列表如下：2一般式 进行时 完成式现在时am told is toldare toldam being told
12、is being toldare being toldHas been told Have been told过去时Was toldWere told Was being told Were being told Had been told将来时Shall be toldWill be toldBe going to be toldShall have been toldWill have been told过去将来时Should be toldWould be toldWas/were going to be toldShould have been toldWould have been
13、told 被动语态的现在完成进行体和过去完成进行体是两种罕见的形式，如:He has been being interviewed for the past hour.一个小时以来他一直在接受采访。如果将谓语动词为完成进行时态和将来进行时态的句子变为被动句时，可用完成时态和一般时态来表示。（a）用一般时态替代将来进行时态：The subject will be discussed by us tomorrow morning.(不能用.will be being discussed) 明天早上这个题目由我们讨论。（b）用现在完成时替代现在完成进行时态：The machine has been
14、repaired for two hours.(不能用has been being repaired ) 这台机器已经修了两个钟头了。32.1 被动语态的各种句式1）肯定句式：主语+be+过去分词+其他Everything that is done in the world is done by hope.世上做的每件事都是希望的功劳。Talents are best nurtured in solitude ,but character is best formed in the stormy billons of the world.才华最好在孤独中培养，性格最好在尘世的惊涛骇浪中塑造。2
15、）否定句式：主语+be+not+过去分词+其他Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。 （伟业非一日之功）The glass was not broken by Mary but by the wind.玻璃不是玛丽打碎的而是刮碎的。3) 一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+其他？Is the book written by Shakespeare?这本书是莎士比亚写的吗?Was this library built in the 1960s?这个图书馆是在 20 世纪 60 年代建造的吗？4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词（不作主语）+be+主语+过去分词+其他？特
16、殊疑问词（作主语）+be+过去分词+其他？When was the football team set up?这个足球队是什么时候建立的?What was stolen last night?昨晚什么被偷了？2.2 含有情态动词的被动语态1）肯定句式：主语+情态动词+ be+过去分词+ 其他Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.只有向后看才能理解生活，但要生活好，则必须向前看。4What may be done at any time is done at no time?随时可做的事，往往没时
17、间做。2）否定句式：主语+情态动词+not+ be+过去分词+其他Time past cannot be called again.光阴一去不复返。A man must not be judged by his appearance , just as the ocean cannot be measured in gallons.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。3）一般疑问句：情态动词+主语+ be+过去分词+ 其他？Should all the rooms be tidied up?所有房间都要打扫干净吗?Must the homework be handed in by tomorrow?明天
18、作业必须得叫上吗？4）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词（不作主语）+情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+其他？特殊疑问词（作主语）+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他？When can my computer be repaired?我的电脑什么时候能修好？Who might be elected president of the university?谁有可能被选为大学校长？2.3 各种时态的被动语态要想正确的使用被动语态，就需注意哪些动词是及物动词，哪些是不及物动词，特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。1）一般现在时：被动语态的一般现在时构成为“amis are+过去分词”This song is ofte
19、n sung by children.孩子们常唱这首歌5He is loved by all his students.他受他所有学生的爱戴。2) 一般过去时：被动语态的一般过去时构成为“waswere+过去分词”The house was built in 1958.这房子建于 1958 年。After my talk, I was asked to explain a point I had made.我发言后，有人要我就我的一个论点加以解释。3）一般将来时及过去将来时：被动语态的一般将来时构成为“shallwill+be+过去分词 ”（shall 主要用于第一人称 Iwe;will 可用
20、于各人称）Many buildings will be built in my hometown.我的家乡将要建造许多大楼。The old scientist said that he would be invited to visit their country before long.那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他的国家。4）现在进行时和过去进行时：现在进行时和过去进行时的被动语态构成为“isamare(waswere)+being+过去分词”The proposal is being considered now.正在考虑这个提案。Mr.Wu was in hospital. When
21、 we went to see him, he was being operated on.吴先生生病住院了，我们去看他时，他正在动手术。5）现在完成时和过去完成时：现在完成时和过去完成时的被动语态构成为“hashave(had)+been+过去分词”Recently the price of TV sets has been cut.近来电视机降价了。He came and told us that the work had been finished.他来告诉我们，工作已经完成。6）将来完成时与过去将来完成时：将来完成时与过去将来完成时的被动6语态构成为“shallwill(shouldw
22、ould)+been+过去分词 ”By the end of this year ,the tall building will have been built.到今年年底，这幢楼房将要建成。The boy told mother that his homework would have been finished by ten oclock.男孩告诉妈妈到十点他的作业将完成。2.4 一些不定式结构的被动形式常见的跟被动形式的不定式有：be going to be done, hashavehad to be done，be to be done, be sure to be done, be
23、 about to be done, be due to be done, be likely to be done.1) be going to be done 表示“打算被做”The plan is going to be carried out next week.这个计划准备下周执行。George is going to be promoted.乔治将要升职。2）hashavehad to be done 表示“不得不被做”The news has to be kept secret.这个消息必须保密。The work will have to be done with great c
24、are.必须十分谨慎地完成这项工作。3）be to be done 表示“按照计划、规定、要求或必须被做”Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.世界上没有可怕的东西，只有待理解的东西。4）be sure to be done 表示“一定会被做”These difficulties are sure to be overcome.这些困难一定会被克服This problem is sure to be considered as the most serious.7这个问题一定会被当作最严重的事来看待。5）be
25、about to be done 表示“眼下将要被做”The car is about to be repaired.这辆小汽车马上就要修了。The work is about to be finished.工作马上就完成了。6）be due to be done 表示“按期将要被做”The meeting is due to be held on Saturday.会议将由本周六举行。The electricity bill is due to be paid soon.很快就要交电费了。7）be likely to be done 表示“很可能会被做”The work is likely
26、to be finished today.这项工作今天可能会做完。The factory is likely to be closed down.这家工厂可能会被关闭。3 被动语态的用法一般说来，主动与被动的选用，应根据具体的情况而定，一般情况下，主动结构用的比较多，也必较自然。下面几种情况，一般用被动语态。1）不知或不必提及动作的执行者不知道或没必要要提到动作的执行者是谁时，常用被动语态Gold is tried in the fire. 黄金不怕火炼。When will the result be announced?结果什么时候宣布？2）强调动作的承受者 8当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作
27、为谈话的中心时用被动语态，这类句子常有一个 by 引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有。Many houses were destroyed in the war.很多房子在战争中毁坏。Some people do not use money, instead they are used by money.有的人不是用钱，而是为钱所用。3）动作的执行者很模糊当动作的执行者是泛指时（如 people ;one 等）常用被动语态It is believed that the task will be competed successfully.人们坚信能成功地完成任务。The letter h
28、as been opened.这封信被人拆开了。4）礼貌的需要，避免说出动作的执行者有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行者，此时用被动语态，动作的执行者有可能时别人也有可能是自己。My diary book has been browsed.我的日记被人看了。It is hoped that such things would not happen again.希望这样的事不再发生。5）为使句子更加合理流畅有时为了句子保持平衡，常用被动语态，从而使语句更加流畅。The plan was supported by those who wish to live on the campus.这项计划受到
29、想住在校园住宅区的人的欢迎。All these advertisements were made by our company.所有这些广告都是我们公司做的。6）公告、新闻报道、报纸标题（其中的 be 常省略）科技文章中常用被动语态She was seated by the window.9她坐在窗户旁。My hometown is situated in southern Shandong Province.我的家乡坐落在山东省南部。4 主动与被动的转化主动语态中几乎所以时态都适用被动语态，被动语态常用的基本句型总结如下： 1） “主语+谓语+ 宾语 ”结构的被动语态“主语+谓语 +宾语”结
30、构在变为被动结构时，原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，原来的主语在被动句中由 by 引出You see this sort of advertisement everywhere.This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.Dick drew a picture.The picture was drawn by Dick.2) “主语+谓语+ 间接宾语 +直接宾语”结构的被动语态“主语+谓语+ 间接宾语 +直接宾语”结构变为被动时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语，这个结构的转换分为两 种：一种可以转换为 to 型的结构，一种可以转换为
31、for 型的结构。（a ）to 型结构（此类动词有 give sendtakebring 等）She gave a nice gift to me.A nice gift was given to me by her .He sent an e-mail to me.An e-mail was sent me by him.（b）for 型结构（此类动词有 buymakefindget）Mother bought a nice gift for me.A nice gift was bought for me by Mother.3) “主语+谓语+ 宾语 +宾语补足语”结构的被动语态“主语+
32、谓语+ 宾语 +宾语补足语”结构转变为被动形式时应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语变为主语补足语。10We made Mr. White leader of the team.Mr. White was made leader of the team.怀特先生被选为组长。We asked Jenny to sing another song.Jenny was asked to sing another song. 我们要求詹妮再唱一首歌。4） 短语动词的被动语态、有些短语动词的被动语态是及物动词，可以转换为被动语态，主要有以下三种情况：（a） “及物动词+副词”型“及物动词+副词”型的短
33、语动词如 pick up, work out, find out, carry out等在变成被动时，可直接把宾语变成主语，然后把短语动词变成被动形式即可。We worked out a practical plan.A practical plan was worked out. 已制定出一个切实可行的计划。We carried out her instructions to the letter.Her instructions were carried out to the letter.我们不折不扣地执行了他的指示（b） “不及物动词+介词”型“不及物动词+介词”型的短语动词如 loo
34、k atlook aftermove intobreak intolook into 等并非都有被动形式，像 look into 只有作“调查”讲时才可有被动。He looked after the children well.The children were well looked after. 孩子们被照顾得很好。The police have looked into this accident.This accident has been looked into. 这起事故已经被调查。（c） “动词+副词+介词”或“动词+名词+介词”型这样的短语大多都能变为被动形式，如：look do
35、wn upon 轻视,11do away with 废除 弄死，take care of 关系 照顾，make use of 利用，make efforts over 努力，play a part in 起作用，pay attention to 注意等有时可把“动词+名词+介词”短语动词中的名词被动语态的主语。I cant put up with such big noise.Such big noise cant be put up with. 这么大的噪音不能容忍。We should make good use of every minute.Every minute should be
36、made good use of. 每一分钟都应好好利用。5）含有宾语从句的主动句的被动语态含有宾语从句的主动句在变为被动时态时常用形式主语 it 替代被动句的主语,变为“It be +过去分词+原来的宾语从句“结构，有的还可变为 sb.sth. be +过去分词+to do”结构They say Mary is a kind but strict teacher.It is said that Mary is a kind but strict teacher .Mary is said to be a kind but strict teacher. 据说玛丽是一个和蔼但很严格的老师。Pe
37、ople believe that Jim never tells lies.It is believed That Jim never tells lies.Jim is believed never to tell lies. 人们相信吉姆不会说谎。6）祈使句的被动语态祈使句的被动语态结构分为肯定形式的被动语态和否定形式的被动语态两种，肯定祈使句的被动结构为“Let+宾语+be+ 过去分词” ，否定祈使句的被动语态结构为“Dont+let+宾语+be+过去分词”或“Let+宾语+not be+ 过去分词”Keep the book where it is.Let the book be k
38、ept where it is.把书留在现在的地方。Dont release the news.Dont let the news be released./Let the news not be released. 不要泄露消息。7) 双重被动结构12当某一个人或物成为两次动作的施动对象时，要用双重被动结构。Teacher often require their students to do too much homework.The students are often required to do too much homework.Too much homework is often
39、required to be done by the students.老师们经常让学生做太多的作业。 （双重被动结构 homework 接受了两次被动：被要求，被做）The commander ordered the soldier to bomb the bridge.The solider was ordered to bomb the bridge.The bridge was ordered to be bombed.指挥官命令炸掉这座桥。 （双重被动结构 the bridge 接受了两次被动：被命令，被炸掉）5 被动语态与系表结构的对照 类别构成 区别要点 举例被动语态“be+及物
40、动词的过去分词”，过去分词是谓语动词部分的主语，表示具体行为动作，要用相应的时态It is usually closed at 6.它通常六点关门。This point has not been covered yet.这一点还没有谈到。 系表结构“beget+过去分词表语” ，过去分词已转变为形容词，表示状态、性质，常用一般时态The library is now closed.图书管关门了。He was injured in the leg.他腿部受了伤。get 后接动词的过去分词，可以表示被动意义，强调状态，如：get stolen 被偷，get robbed 被抢，get caught
41、 被抓，get paid 得到工资，get burnt 烧13伤、烫伤，get fired 被解雇等等，也可表示“自己做的事情”如 get dressed 穿着打扮, get lost 迷路等等。6 被动语态的逻辑主语被动语态的逻辑主语一般由介词 by 或 with 引导， by 表示动作的执行者，with 则表示工具，方法。1）by(a) 使用 by 的结构时，通常动作的执行者较为具体。泛指的执行者常被忽略。The boy broke the window.The window was broken by the boy.People called him Bill.He was calle
42、d Bill.(b) 一般放在句末。如果时间状语较长时，放在状语前。The bridge was blown up by the guerrillas during the second World War.(c) 如果较长补语，放在补语前，结构紧凑。He was considered by many of his friends a hero of the whole university.2) withThis key can open the door.The door can be opened with the key. Water filled the whole place.Th
43、e whole place was filled the water.注：by 引导的名词强调动作的执行者，而 with 引导的名词强调的动作发生的工具和方法3）其他介词代替 byI was shocked at the strong protest.She was embarrassed at this proposal.147 被动语态的常见难点7.1 被动形式表示主动意义1）反身代词的被动形式表示主动意义某些“动词反身代词”结构在变成被动结构时表示主动意义She usually dresses herself in white.She is usually dressed in whit
44、e. 她通常穿白色衣服。The boy seated himself by the window.The boy was seated by the window. 小男孩坐在窗户旁。2）不及物过去分词表示主动意义有些不及物过去分词表示主动意义，有些不及物过去分词如:gone, come, fallen, returned, retired, graduated 等表示主动意义Next year I will be graduated.明年我就要毕业了。Winter is gone and spring is come.冬天走了，春天来了。3）情感、态度等用被动形式表示主动意义英语中有一些过去
45、分词构成的形容词作表语时，与被动语态的形式相同，但表示主动意义I am pleased to meet you at the party.很高兴在聚会上碰到你。Men marry because they are tired, women because they are curious. Both are disappointed.男人因为疲惫而结婚，女人因为好奇而结婚，双方皆会失望。7.2 主动形式表示被动意义1）有些连系动词主要指物作主语的系动词，可用主动形式表被动含义，如:feel， 15smell，taste, sound, prove, remain, stay, appear 等
46、 Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸着很柔软The music sounds comfortable. 这音乐听着很舒服。2）有些不及物动词（其主语多指物）（a）表示主语内在的品质或性能的不及物动词，如：sell, read, draw, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn 等This kind of book sells well. 这种书和畅销。The letter reads as follow. 信的全文如下。（b）不及物动词及某些短语，如：last, cost, spread, happen(to), Take place, belong
47、to, break out, go out, run out, shut Off, work out 等The accident happened outside my house.这起事故发生在我家房子的外面。It was almost midnight that a fire broke out in the neighborhood. 昨天快半夜了这儿发生了火灾。3）不定式的主动语态表式被动意义（a）不定式在 easy, difficult, fit 等形容词之后作状语时，且不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式常用主动表被动，且不定式的宾语必须省略。The book is eas
48、y to understand. 这本书容易理解。The problem is difficult to settle. 这个问题难以解决。 （b）若作定语用的不定式与其所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，并与句子的主语之间存在主谓关系，也可用主动形式表示被动意义。I have a letter to write. 我有一封信要写。She has something to say. 她有话要说。(c)某些作表语用的不定式，强调出租、责备、解雇等，此类常用的16动词有 let(出租)，rent, hire, blame.Am I to blame? 我要受罚吗？The house is to let. 这房屋出租。4) 用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义（a）在 need, want, require, deserve 等词后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动形式。The matter wants looking into.The matter wants to be looked into. 这件事需要调查。（b）在形容词 with 后，用动名词主动表示被动，但可用 be worthy to be done.或 be worthy of being done.The book is wel
