1、Petroleum TechnologyTeacher ManualPetroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Science and Operations2Part One: Objectives for the StudentsThis course in Petroleum Technology spans the entire br
2、eadth of the petroleum industry. The student will be introduced to topics such as: the exploration and production of naturally-occurring petroleum, the transportation of petroleum to refineries, the refining and processing of petroleum into useful consumer fuels and organic chemicals and the transpo
3、rtation of these products to the consumer. Themes such as the non-renewable nature of petroleum resources and the real cost of using petroleum resources should promote discussion about the benefits of energy efficiency. The student will be introduced to some of the elementary principles of the chemi
4、stry of hydrocarbons, i.e., organic chemistry. The structure of hydrocarbon molecules and the properties that are governed by this shape will be emphasized. Laboratory experiments will be used to help demonstrate this relationship between hydrocarbon structure and properties. This course will also h
5、ighlight certain specific refining processes that have been developed by scientists and engineers that use temperature, pressure and chemical reactions to change the structures of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons in order to produce products with new properties.In addition to these scientific princi
6、ples, the student will be introduced to new vocabulary words. The petroleum industry had its beginnings with the first production of crude oil from the ground in Pennsylvania in 1859, and since then, a vocabulary unique to this industry has evolved. In this course, the student will be introduced to
7、some of this vocabulary and a list of definitions will be provided. Whenever a new vocabulary word is introduced, it will be in boldface italic type and its definition will be in Appendix A.Finally, petroleum and natural gas reserves here in Colorado make this home for several careers in the petrole
8、um industry. Students will be introduced to several career options in the petroleum industry, such as drilling and production work, laboratory technician, refinery operator and transportation work.Petroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community C
9、ollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Science and Operations3Unit ObjectivesBy the end of the unit, students will be able to: Describe what petroleum is Give examples of the uses of petroleum products Recognize our dependence on petroleum products Understand how the location of petroleum r
10、esources are separate from the countries that use it the most and how this effects society Describe how petroleum is formed Describe how petroleum can be found Give numerous examples of the components of crude oil Describe the differences in the various types of crude oil Recognize oil and gas symbo
11、ls on a map Identify oil field equipment and how it is used Understand the basic chemistry of petroleum Recognize the molecular structures of: alkanes, alkenes and alkynes Memorize the first 10 alkanes, alkenes and alkynes Understand how petroleum is refined and processed Describe how molecular weig
12、hts and isomers affect boiling points Identify where different fractions are located in a distillation tower Perform a basic distillation Understand cracking Understand octane ratings and oxygenated fuels Identify refinery equipment and how it is used Understand how to use a flow chart Create flow c
13、harts that include various decisions and actions Identify, and perform, tests that technicians perform in the lab Read and interpret Material Safety Data Sheets, MSDS Understand combustion Be familiar with petroleum and refined products transportation and distribution systems. Explain how oil is a s
14、ource of energy Solve energy conversion problems List alternatives to petroleum Define key vocabulary used in the petroleum industryPetroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Science and Opera
15、tions4Introduction to PetroleumIn this section, the student will be introduced to: What petroleum is Examples of the uses of petroleum and petroleum products Our dependence on petroleum products How the location of petroleum resources are separate from the countries that use it the most and how this
16、 effects societyPetroleum is a vitally important nonrenewable resource. Our society runs on it. Petroleum is a naturally occurring resource that is contained below the ground in reservoirs. These reservoirs are within sedimentary rock structures that have lots of tiny voids or empty spaces and are t
17、rapped by rock layers above that do not contain voids and can hold the petroleum liquid in place. In some places, petroleum naturally seeps upward through cracks in the rock and collects in pools on the surface of the Earth, like the famous La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California.La Brea tar pit
18、s with life-sized replicas of Mastodons in downtown Los Angeles, California. The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Foundation, All Rights Reserved.Petroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education In
19、dustrial Science and Operations5In most cases, however, in order to get this petroleum resource to the surface of the Earth, man has to drill through the rock to get at the petroleum reservoir trapped below. Petroleum is often called crude oil. In this case, crude refers to the fact that the oil has
20、 not been refined or processed yet.Crude oil is a greenish-brown to black liquid. This liquid may be as thin as water or as thick and sticky as tar. This relative thinness or thickness is a property that chemists refer to as viscosity. The lower the viscosity, the thinner the liquid is. The higher t
21、he viscosity, the thicker the viscosity is. Because crude oil comes from below the ground surface, it is full of impurities such as water, salts and of course, dirt. Before this resource can be used, it must be transported to refineries where the impurities can be removed and the crude oil can be pr
22、ocessed.Besides being described by properties like greenish-brown to black color and viscosity, petroleum can be described as being a mixture of a great number of different chemical compounds called hydrocarbons. As this name implies, hydrocarbons are chemical compounds that are made up of primarily
23、 of the atoms hydrogen and the atoms carbon. You may be familiar with some hydrocarbons already. For example, methane (natural gas), propane and butane are all hydrocarbons.As was noted earlier, petroleum in its unrefined state is not used for much. But, once petroleum is refined and processed, many
24、 products with great usefulness are derived. Here is a short list of some of the useful products derived from petroleum. Methane (as natural gas) for home heating and cooking. Propane for home heating and cooking. Gasoline for automobile fuel. Diesel for truck and train fuel. Jet fuel for airplane f
25、uel. Machine oils for lubrication.In addition to these products, many of the different plastic compounds that we use are derived from petroleum.Petroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Scien
26、ce and Operations6Activity OneOur daily lives depend on petroleum products. The high standard of living in America, or the general lifestyle and economic condition of our society, is based on petroleum products. American society revolves around the use of the personal automobile, and our homes are f
27、illed with products that are made from petroleum.In 2000*, Americans had 221 million vehicles on the road, and these vehicles consumed 128 billion gallons of gasoline and 34 billion gallons of diesel fuel. Fuel is needed to power aircraft, tractors, and trains, and to heat and cool homes and factori
28、es. Petroleum is needed to produce nearly 3,000 other products. In this activity, you will observe a variety of familiar items. It will be your job to determine whether these items were made from petroleum or not.*U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy
29、 InformationPurpose: To recognize: the many uses of petroleum, our daily dependence on petroleum products, that petroleum is a major energy sourceMaterials: PaperWriting utensilcollection of materials provided by your teacherProcedure:1. With your partner, walk around and observe the everyday produc
30、ts displayed in the room. 2. Copy the data table and questions into your notebook. 3. Check the appropriate column next to each product.4. Answer the questions and write a conclusion.Old-time Texaco filling station.Petroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red
31、 Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Science and Operations7Data:Observe each product carefully and decide if it is mainly made from crude oil or some other natural resource. Check the appropriate column. Be ready to defend your thinking.Oil Other Natural Resource1. alum
32、inum foil _ _2. plastic bag _ _3. bug spray _ _4. pencil _ _5. plastic utensil _ _6. rock _ _7. screw or nail _ _8. candle _ _9. Styrofoam _ _10. pill bottle _ _11. wire _ _12. coffee mug _ _13. lip balm _ _14. paper clip _ _15. Band-Aid _ _16. CD and case _ _17. hand lotion _ _18. T-shirt _ _19. pe
33、n _ _20. pop can _ _Analysis: 1) List the five most important uses of petroleum and/or petroleum products to you and your family.2) Name ten petroleum products you have used today. Which of these products would you be willing to give up?3) If a petroleum shortage occurred, on what petroleum-based pr
34、oducts could you cut back your usage or make replacements? Use your data table to help you make a list. If there is a suitable replacement, list it.4) Explain why some people think the standard of living in America is based on the petroleum industry.Petroleum Technology Science in Process Technology
35、Jefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Science and Operations85) In two paragraphs, write a short account of what might happen if there was suddenly no more petroleum.Conclusion: Use the information you have learned in this activity to wr
36、ite a conclusion.Now that we know about the uses of petroleum, let us look at the places in the world where petroleum resources are found. For centuries, petroleum has been observed at the surface of the Earth as it can be forced up from underground by pressure and it can find its way to the surface
37、 via cracks in rock structures. It was not until 1859 that petroleum reserves from underground were tapped into from the surface by a drilling rig. The site of this first oil well in the United States of America was in Pennsylvania. For the next 42 years, Pennsylvania oil wells accounted for over ha
38、lf of the oil production in the world. Then, in 1901 a drilling crew in southeast Texas tapped into a reservoir that gushed fourth oil from underground at a rate of nearly 100,000 barrels per day (4,200,000 gallons per day). This was greater than the production of all the rest of the oil wells in th
39、e world at that time. The discovery of such large reserves of petroleum as this in southeast Texas convinced people that there was a future in the production of petroleum and the modern petroleum industry is born. For more details about the history of the early petroleum industry in the United State
40、s and more on petroleum geology, visit: http:/www.priweb.org/ and follow the links to: http:/www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/index.html.Petroleum gusher at Spindle Top Dome, East Texas, 1901. Photo from American Petroleum Institute.Today, nearly 150 years after the first production of petroleum from Pennsylv
41、ania, the petroleum that we consume in the United States comes largely from offshore, that is, from foreign countries. Because of this fact, it is said that the United States is dependent on foreign sources for most of its oil. In Activity 2, you will examine more closely where oil reserves remain p
42、roductive today and how the consumer nations of the world are trying to secure access to these oil reserves.Petroleum Technology Science in Process TechnologyJefferson County Public Schools Red Rocks Community CollegeCareer and Technical Education Industrial Science and Operations9Activity TwoPurpos
43、e: When you have finished this activity, you will be able to: describe the geographic distribution of worldwide oil production and consumption, recognize that many countries must import large quantities of oil, and understand that present and future supplies of oil reserves are not equally distribut
44、ed.Materials: Centimeter rulerColored pencilsData tables from BP Statistical Review of World Energy*World Atlas and photocopies of World Map*Source: Use data from the table labeled Worldwide Look At Reserves And Production to find the column headed Jan 1, 2006 under Estimated Proved Reserves. Petro
45、leum engineers use the term proved reserves to indicate how many barrels of oil (1 barrel = 42 gallons) remain to be produced from oil fields that have already been discovered. Once an oil field is discovered by drilling a well, it is developed with additional wells to most efficiently produce the o
46、il that is stored in the earth at that location. Depending on the size of the field and the type of reservoir, it may take from a few years to a century to produce all the oil. At any time we can estimate how many barrels of oil a country will produce from the fields it has already found. This numbe
47、r of reserves does not include new oil that may be found in the future or oil that has already been produced in the past. It includes just what oil can be produced now and in the future from the known fields. Think of it as money you have saved in the bank. For example, Thailand has proved reserves
48、of 500,000,000 barrels and a production rate of 276,000 barrels per day. At that rate of production, the time it will take to deplete the proved reserves is calculated as follows:500,000,000 bbl / 276,000 bbl per day = 1,811 days or 4.96 years.2) Determine the 10 countries with the greatest quantity
49、 of proved reserves. Label these countries on your map. Using a blue pencil to represent the oil reserves, draw a vertical bar from the center of the country to the appropriate height. The height of the bar will represent the quantity of proved reserves. Use the vertical scale 1 mm = 1 billion barrels of oil. Example: If the United States had 29,300,000 in (1,000 bbl) =
