1、补全短文1Passage1 Functions of power transmission 输电的功能 P45The function of C：power transmission is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange power between networks in order to attain the generation-consumption balance or the supply-demand balance between E：power networks. Power trans
2、mission is completed by step-up substations, A：step-down substations and connected transmission equipment. The transmission line mainly consists of the transmission conductors (cables),poles or towers, insulators, overhead ground wires, and grounding devices. The D：transmission at high voltage can r
3、educe the line loss and the voltage drop, ensure the power quality, raise the economy of B： power network operation. The increase of transmission line voltage can not only raise the amount of transmitted power, but also reduce the line loss and line voltage drop, and improve the voltage quality.C：动力
4、传递的功能是将来自发电厂的电力输送到负载中心或进行电网之间的电力交换，以达到发电和用电或 E：电网之间的供需平衡。动力传递是通过升压变电站、A：降压变电站和连接的传输设备 完成。传输线主要由传输导体（线） ，杆塔，绝缘子，架空地线和接地装置等组成。采用 D：传输在高电压可以降低线路损耗和电压降，保证电源质量，提高 B：电网运行经济性。传输线电压的增加，不仅可以提高发送功率的量，同时也减少了线路损耗和线路压降，并提高电压质量。Passage 2 Substation misoperation and its preventing 变电站的误操作及预防P55The misoperation tha
5、t can lead to C：accidents in the electrical operation of the substation mainly are: on-load switching of isolating switch; connecting E：the grounding wire (closing the grounding switch) with power on; closing the circuit breaker (isolating switch)with ground lines (ground switch) earthed.The “five p
6、reventings” for A：preventing the misoperation in substation includes: preventing the wrong opening or closing of circuit breaker; preventing the on load opening and closing of isolating switch; preventing B：the closing of grounding switch with power on; preventing the closing of circuit breaker with
7、 grounding wire connected; preventing D：the persons from illegal entering the lived bay.可能导致误操作 C：在变电站的电气操作事故，主要有： 带负荷拉合开关; E ：带电挂接地线（合接地开关）; 合断路器（隔离开关）与接地的接地线（接地开关） 。 “五防”为 A：防止误操作的变电站包括：防止错误打开或关闭断路器 ; 防止的负荷启闭隔离开关; 防止 B：接地开关关闭了电源; 防止断路器的合闸与接地线连接; 防止 D：人员误入带电间隔。补全短文2Passage 3 A brief introduction on
8、 the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantages 超临界锅炉发展简史及其优势 P114In B：some advanced countries such as U.S.A, Japan and European countries, the supercritical boiler has been developed since the 60s of last century. It has been proved by data and experience, the supercritical unit
9、 has D： great advantages on economy and environmental protection. As for its reliability, because the steam-water flow passages in supercritical boiler is same as that in the E：subcritical once-through boiler, there isnt anything special, But as far as hydraulic characteristic, a symbol of reliabili
10、ty, is concerned, in a supercritical boiler, under supercritical condition, medium is of single phase and water phase which has a A：good homogenization of distribution. So that the problem caused by uneven distribution of steam phase and water phase can be avoided. It is admitted that, if C： whole p
11、rocess management is strengthened, both supercritical and subcritical units can get an excellent reliability index.B：一些先进国家如美国，日本和欧洲国家，超临界锅炉已自上世纪 60 年代开发的。它已被证明是由数据和经验，在超临界部有 D：经济和环保的巨大优势。至于它的可靠性，因为蒸汽的水流通道，在超临界锅炉是相同的 E：亚临界直流锅炉，没有什么特别的，但据水力特性，可靠性的象征，是而言，在超临界锅炉，超临界条件下，媒体是单相和水相，其具有分布的 A 良好的均化。从而可避免因蒸汽相
12、和水相的分布不均匀的问题。它承认，如果 C：全过程管理得到加强，无论是超临界和亚临界机组可以得到一个很好的可靠性指标。Passage 4 Steam generation and use 蒸汽的发生与利用P119Steam is one of mans dependable servants. More and more in the background, steam is doing more and more work for man. In B：an electrically heated home steam may be seen only at the teakettle, bu
13、t the electricity used may be generated by burning coal or gas and producing steam to turn the generator rotors in the power plant. Even if E：the fuel is uranium and the heat is supplied by nuclear fission, the generation of electricity is still accomplished by A： first generating steam.In the U.S.A
14、. the demand for electricity doubles every ten years. For the most part water resources suitable for power generation are already in service, except for emergency standby and peak-load units; approximately 90% of D：the new generating capacity being installed utilizes steam. The C： use of steam for e
15、lectric power generation is expanding in most countries of the world except for the countries where available water power resources are greater than power needs.蒸汽是人的可靠的仆人。越来越多的领域里，蒸汽为人做越来越多的工作。在 B：一个使用电热的家庭中，可以仅在茶壶看出蒸汽，也可以通过燃烧煤或天然气并产生蒸汽来转动发电机转子在发电厂中产生所使用的电力。即使 E：燃料是铀和热是由核裂变供给，电力的产生由 A：首先由蒸汽产生的 。 在美
16、国，对电力的需求每十年增加一倍。大多数适于发电的水资源已经用于发电，除紧急备用和峰值负载单元，大约 90的 D：所安装的新发电容量利补全短文3用蒸汽。C：利用蒸汽发电的不断扩大，在世界上大多数国家，除了这里提供的水力资源大于电力需求的国家。Passage 5 Circuit breaker 断路器P125Circuit breakers are automatically operated high voltage (or high current) switches. Circuit breakers are required B：to control electrical power ne
17、tworks by switching circuits on, by carrying load and by switching circuits off under manual or automatic supervision. Their duty is as follows: In closed position the circuit breaker must be a good conductor for the normal load current. In operating the circuit breaker must be able contacts shall h
18、ave full insulation level. At operation the circuit breaker must close be able D：to switch the current which can be from a few amperes to many thousands of amperes, and independently of the characteristics from purely inductive to fully capacitive. At closing operation the circuit breaker must close
19、 fast and be safe also against full short circuit conditions. They must, therefore, be effective instantaneously when are called upon A：to perform any switching operation after long periods without movement. As the circuit breaker is the last link in the chain of protective equipment, the circuit br
20、eaker reliability is E：of the highest importance for high reliability of the total electric power system. So the importance C：of the circuit breaker cannot be over emphasized.断路器是自动操作的高电压（或高电流）的开关。断路器被要求 B：通过在开关电路，通过进行负载并通过手动或自动监督下的开关电路断开，以控制电力网络。他们的职责是如下：在闭合位置，断路器必须是良导体的正常负载电流。在操作断路器必须能够接触，应有充分的绝缘水
21、平。在操作的断路器必须密切能够 D：切换可以是从几安培到几千安培的电流 ，并独立地由纯感性到完全的电容的特性。在合闸时，关闭操作断路器必须关闭快速并安全的合闸即使是全短路情况下。所以，他们必须能立即动作，即使是在 A：长时间不动作后执行任何切换操作。由于断路器是在保护设备链中的最后一个环节，断路器可靠性是 E：最高重要性对于高可靠性的电力系统来说。因此，C ：断路器的重要性怎么强调也不过分。Passage 6 The ration of distance to height of pumped-storage power plant 抽水蓄能电站的距高比（L/H）P130For pumped-
22、storage power plant, generally the ratio of distance to height B： is used to evaluate topographic condition of power plant. Distance-height ratio D：is the ration of horizontal distance between upper and low reservoir to the drop between upper and low reservoir that is L/H. The head of simple pumped-
23、storage power plant consists of two parts, they are natural topographic elevation difference and elevation difference formed by dam. Of course, the head derived from topographic elevation difference A：is most economic, so in selecting plant site, the condition that not only a height difference is av
24、ailable but also no very high dam of upper reservoir is necessary should be considered. Smaller L/H value indicates a shorter water transportation line, then the engineering construction cost can be saved. But in many circumstances, topographic condition C：is not desirable, so we cant say the smalle
25、st L/H value E： is the best. In newly constructed three large capacity 补全短文4pumped-storage power plants in our country, the L/H value respectively are: 7.12 in Guangzhou, 4.12 in Shisanling, 2.40 in Tian huangping.对于抽水蓄能电厂，距离一般以高度之比 B：来评价发电厂的地形条件。距离和高度的比 D：的上部和低容器之间的水平距离 的上限和低容器之间的压降即 L / H 的比值。简单的抽
26、水蓄能电站的头由两部分组成，它们是由大坝形成自然的地形高差和高程差。当然，头部来源于地形高差 A：是最经济的，所以在选择厂址，这不仅是一个高度差可用状态，而且上水库没有非常高的大坝是必要应予以考虑。小 L / H 值表示一个较短的水上运输线，那么，工程建设成本可以保存。但在许多情况下，地形条件 C：是不可取的 ，所以我们不能说最小的 L / H 值 E：是最好的 。在我国新建的三个大容量的抽水蓄能电站，在 L / H值分别是：在黄平田 7.12 在广州，4.12 在十三陵，2.40。Passage 7 Fuel cells 燃料电池P136Fuel cells are devices that
27、 when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen are supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Unlike conventional batteries where the conversion of chemical to electrica
28、l energy requires only the closing of a circuit between the cathode and anode to produce and electrical current, B：there is no storage capacity in a fuel cell. These cells require the fuel and oxygen that will produce the chemical reactions that produce an electrical output. Fuel cells have been mad
29、e that will supply power in the megawatt range, and A：further development is under way. Such cells are not yet widely used on power systems, but E：as they are being developed there have been some applications to supply fuel cell power to isolated loads. As the voltage output of a cell is in the orde
30、r of to 2.5V, C：many cells are operated in series to obtain voltages and power out put in ranges that are normally required. Inverters are used to D：supply alternating current from fuel cells when and AC output is desired.燃料电池装置，当燃料如氢气或富含氢的化合物和氧气供给到布置类似于传统电池的阳极和阴极材料，结合到化学能直接转换成电能。不同于传统的电池，其中化学为电能的转换
31、需要在阴极和阳极，以产生与电流之间的电路的唯一闭合，B ：没有存储容量中的燃料电池。这些细胞所需要的燃料和氧气，这将产生该产生的电输出的化学反应。燃料电池已被制成，将电力提供在兆瓦范围，和 A：进一步发展正在进行。这些细胞还没有广泛应用在电力系统中，但E：，因为他们正在开发已经有一些应用以提供燃料电池发电，以孤立的负载。作为一个单元的电压输出是在为 2.5V 的顺序，C：多细胞串联操作，得到的电压和功率输出放在于通常需要范围。逆变器被用于 D：供给的交流电流从燃料电池时和交流输出是期望的。Passage 8 Substations pace into the Digital Age 变电站步及
32、数字化时代P164Substations constitute the main part of power transmission and distribution in a power grid. The substations C：composed of a large number of primary and secondary equipments, with the responsibility for the electric power transmission and distribution in the grid. Over more than a decade of
33、 development, A：substation 补全短文5automation technology has reached a certain level. In the rebuilding and constructing of power grid in rural and urban areas, automation technology is not only used in low-voltage substations to realize unattended operation, but also in the 220kV and above extra-volta
34、ge substations, thus greatly enhancing the level of modernization of power grid construction, strengthening the power transmission and distribution and the possibility of power grid dispatching and reducing the total cost of substation construction, E：all of which has become an indisputable fact. Ho
35、wever, the development of technology is never-ending, and the increasing maturation of technology like intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformers, online condition monitoring of primary equipments, B：simulation training technology for substation operation, as well as the de
36、velopment and application of high-speed network in real- time system, is bound to have a profound impact upon the existing substation automation technology, and D：a full-digital automation system is about to emerge.变电站构成了输配电的电网的主要组成部分。变电站 C：组成的大量初级和次级设备，以用于在网格中的电功率传输和分配的责任。在十多年的发展，A：变电站自动化技术已经达到了一定的
37、水平。在重建和电网在农村和城市地区的构建，自动化技术不仅适用于低电压变电站实现无人操作，而且在 220kV及以上特高压变电站，极大地提高了现代化水平电网建设，加强输配电和电网调度的可能性，并降低了变电站建设的总成本，E：所有这一切都已经成为不争的事实。然而，技术的发展是没有止境的，而技术的日益成熟如智能开关，光电式电流电压互感器，在线状态监测的主要设备， （4）变电运行的模拟训练技术，以及开发和应用在实时系统中的高速网络，必然会有在现有变电站自动化技术产生深远的影响，以及 D：全数字自动化系统 即将浮出水面。Passage 9 Overcoming the Problem of Waste 解
38、决垃圾问题 P169Many large cities are anything but beautiful. Streets are littered with trash. In this trash, however, C：there is still something that can be useful.If people want to solve the problem of waste, A：there is no time to be lost. They must work out ways of making use of good things which are j
39、ust thrown away as waste. When a car gets too old, it may not run any more. But if the metal that the car was made of is still good, D：it can be put to use again) bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets. Besides, garbage from food can be changed into fertilizer. But first you h
40、ave to pick out all the glass and metal.Furthermore, garbage can also be a good source for making building blocks, which are then covered with concrete. Now, E：more and more machines are designed for this purpose. Some day, people will watch films in a great cinema which has been built out of garbag
41、e. Future buildings, roads, and cities may be made from garbage. But so far, B：building beautiful cities out of garbage is only a dream.许多大城市是什么，但漂亮。街道上到处是垃圾。在这个垃圾，但是，C：还有东西，可以是有用的。 如果人们想解决废物问题，A：没有时间可以丢失。 他们必须制定出利用它只是当作废物丢弃的好东西的方法。当汽车变得太旧，则可能无法运行了。补全短文6但如果这辆车是由金属还是不错的，D：可以再次投入使用的 玻璃瓶可以被磨成沙用来铺路的街道。此
42、外，由食物垃圾可以变成肥料。但首先，你必须挑选出所有的玻璃和金属。 此外，垃圾也可以是一个很好的来源，使得构建模块，然后将其覆盖有混凝土。现在，E：越来越多的机器是专为这一目的。有一天，人们会看到在一个伟大的电影院已建成了垃圾电影。未来的建筑物，道路和城市可以由垃圾制成。但迄今为止，B：用垃圾建造美丽的城市只是一个梦想。Passage 10 Hibernation 休眠，冬眠The weather in winter can be very cold. Some animals sleep during the winter, for its difficult for them to fin
43、d food then. E：They can sleep for a long time. For example, their sleep can last from autumn to spring. B：We call this kind of sleep in wintertime “hibernation”.Animals need food in winter to keep them warm and alive. If they move about more, they need eat more. D：Hibernating animals dont need to ea
44、t much because they dont move. Their heart beats slowly. And they breathe slowly. They find a safe place to sleep. A：So they dont need to worry about bad weather and other dangerous animals.In warn winter some animals like bears may wake up. If they see thick nosnow on the ground, they will get back
45、 to their sleep. C：As it gets warmer and warmer in spring, the sleeping animals begin to wake up and look around for food.冬天天气很冷。在冬季一些动物睡觉，因为这是他们很难找到食物后。 E：他们可以睡很长一段时间。例如，他们的睡眠可以从秋天持续到春天。B：我们称这种睡眠在冬季“冬眠”了。 动物需要食物，冬季御寒，充满活力。如果他们走动多了，他们需要吃得更多。 D：冬眠的动物并不需要吃多少，因为他们不动 。他们的心脏慢慢跳动。他们缓慢地呼吸。他们找到一个安全的地方睡觉。 A：
46、因此，他们不必担心恶劣天气和其他危险动物。 在发出警告的冬天有些动物，如熊可能醒来。如果他们看到厚厚没有积雪在地面上，他们将回到自己的睡眠。C：变得越来越暖和的春天，沉睡的动物开始苏醒并到处寻找食物。Passage 11 Satellites 卫星P174The body that is neatest to the Earth is the moon. B：It circles the Earth and is therefore know as a satellite of the Earth. This satellite is called natural satellite. Man
47、 made spacecraft which circle the Earth are called artificial satellites. Natural as well as artificial satellites circle the planets in a definite path or orbit. D：A satellite stays in orbit because the planet gravitational force keeps pulling it into a circle.All the bodies in space like the moon,
48、 the planets and the stars also exert an attractive force on objects. A：The bigger and heavier a body is ,the greater is its force of gravity. The moons gravitational force is only one-sixth that of the Earths. The Earths gravitational force of pull keeps us and everything else on Earth from floatin
49、g away to space.补全短文7C：To get out into space we have to overcome the Earths gravitational pull. There are many artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth. Some artificial satellites have been sent up to orbit the moon and even the planet Mars. E：Artificial satellite can be used for various purposes.离地球最近的天体是月亮。 B：它绕地球运行，因此被认为作为地球的卫星。这颗卫星被称为天然卫星。人订做的飞船绕地球被称为人造卫星。天然以及人造卫星绕在一定的路径或轨道上的行星。 D：一颗卫星停留在轨道上，因为地球引力不断拉扯它绕地球成一个圆圈飞行。 所有的像月亮的空间机构，行星和恒星也施加对象的吸引力。A ：天体越大越重，重力越大。月球的引力只有六分之一的地球。地球引力的力量，使我们和一切地球上漂浮到空间中。 C：要飞向太空，我们必须克服地球的引力。有许多人造卫星环绕地球的轨道。一些人造卫星
