1、,Whats in a name?,Active Reading 1, Unit 9,2,Chinese phrases related to “名”,名不虚传 deserve the reputation one enjoys; be true to ones name; be worth ones name 名不符实 be unworthy of ones name 名列前茅 be on the top of the list; be among the best of candidates,3,名垂青史 make history 名落孙山 fail to be admitted 顾名思义
2、 as the name implies/suggests,4,English expressions related to name,State name 艺名 An assumed name 化名 Pen name 笔名 Nickname 绰号 Pet name for a child 小名 A man of name 知名人士,5,The great names of history 历史名人 A household name 家喻户晓的人或事 Enroll ones name for something 申请参加 Take ones name off the books 退学 开除,6
3、,Meanings about some Chinese names,Chinese names have meanings. 王刚means strong and firm 张海means big and broad-minded 赵雅芳means elegant and fragrant, pleasant and graceful 李淑贤means kind, gentle and virtuous,7,male names: firmness, strength, the power and grandeur of nature, moral values, etc., female
4、names: elegance, manners, virtues, the beauty of nature,Meanings about some Chinese names,8,Meanings about some English names,In America, female names also connote gentler qualities by referring to flower, birds and those feeble creatures etc. Male names are usually concerned with God / Lord and rel
5、igion, so are some female names.,9,George W Bush,灌木丛,10,Kobe Bryant,一种意大利牛排，起源于日本，神户牛排Kobe老爸在意大利打篮球时经常在餐厅吃，也很喜欢吃，因此给他的儿子起名Kobe,11,Frances Bacon,烤肉,12,Taylor Swift,裁缝,13,Will Smith,铁匠,14,Simon Baker,面包烘烤师,15,Harry Porter,挑夫,16,Adolf Hitler,狼,17,Edward Cullen,财主,Origins of names,19,Origin of Chinese f
6、amily names,1以居住地名、方位命氏。如西门、邱、门、乡、闾、里、 野、官等，表示不同环境的居住地点。 2以国名命氏。如我们所熟悉的春秋战国时期的诸侯国：齐、鲁、晋、宋、郑、吴、越、秦、楚、卫、韩、赵、魏、燕、陈、郑、苏、蔡、曹、胡、许等，皆成为今天常见姓 3以先人的字或名为氏。出自此条的姓氏很多，据统计有五六百个，其中复姓近200个。如周平王的庶子字林开，其后代以林姓传世。其他如加皇甫、高、刁、公、施等。,20,Origin of Chinese family names,4以次第为氏。一家一族，按兄弟顺序排行取姓，如老大曰伯或孟，老二曰仲，老三曰叔，老四曰季等。后代相沿为氏， 表
7、示在宗族中的顺序。如伯、仲、叔、季等。 5以职官名称命氏。如史、仓、库、司寇、太史、司徒、司马、司空、司士、司寇等。一些以官职为姓的姓氏，单从字义上看，也可以分辨出来，如籍、谏、库、仓、军、厨等。,21,Origin of Chinese family names,6以职业技艺命氏。如巫、屠、优、卜、陶、匠、屠等 7以姓为氏。姓作为氏族公社时期氏族部落的标志符号而产生，其后人有的便直接承袭为氏。母权制氏族社会以母亲为姓，所以那时许多姓都是女字旁。如：姬、姜、姒、姚等。,22,Origin of Chinese family names,8古代少数民族与汉族大融合，借用汉字单字为氏。如拓跋氏改为
8、元氏、叱卢氏改为祝、关尔佳氏改为关、钮祜禄氏改为钮等。 9因赐姓、避讳改姓氏。如李唐王朝赐给立有大功的大臣们以李姓、朱明王朝赐以朱姓；汉文帝名刘恒，凡恒姓因避讳改为常氏。晋朝帝王祖上有司马师，天下师姓皆缺笔改为为帅氏；如端木子贡后代避仇改沐姓，牛娃避仇改牢姓等。,23,Origin of English family names,Several hundred years ago in England there were only first names. Surnames were gradually introduced as a way of distinguishing betwee
9、n people who had the same given name.,24,English family names were drawn from a number of sources:,Origin of English family names,25,Origin of English family names,Place of identity Some names indicate where the person came from, e.g., Norman, Moor, Hall, Chesterfield, and Wood.,26,Origin of English
10、 family names,Occupation To indicate the occupations, as Cook, Taylor, Carter, Smith, Baker;,27,Origin of English family names,Family relationships & ethnic identities Surnames were also coined from first names to indicate family relationships and ethnic sources as well England: -son, s. kins Robert
11、son, Donaldson, Watkins, Thomas., Scotland: Mc-, Mac-. MacDonald, Ireland: O-. OPatrick,28,Origin of English family names,Personal characteristic To show personal Characteristics, as Young, Longfellow , Wisdom, Moody , Rich, Fox, Newman ( a newcomer to the area), Little, Sharpe, Brown, White, Short.
12、,29,Origin of English family names,Plant, animal, or natural phenomenon Rice, Flower, Rose, Bird, Bull, Lion, Fox, Wolf, Frost, Rain, and Snow,30,Origin of English family names,To show legal status Freeman ( in the past, if a slave escaped from the lord and stayed in a city for a year and without be
13、ing caught he won his freedom and so became a free man),31,Occupation,Forester: forest caretaker Chandler: candles seller Taylor: tailor, clothes-maker Clark: office clerk Smith: metal maker Thatcher: roof maker Baker: bread baker Fisher: fisher man,32,Occupation,Carter: cart driver Fowler: birds hu
14、nter Archer: shooter with bow and arrow Mason: bricks builder Chamberlain: high official in royal courts Barber: hair cutter Glover: glover maker,33,Components of Chinese Names,王 国强surname/family name + given name 司马 相如double surname/family name 姓+名,34,Components of English Names,George W. Bushfirst
15、 name/Christian name/given name+ middle name + family name/last name/Surname名+中名+姓,35,Middle name 中名,在欧美国家，middle name是中间名，一般取长者的名字,为了纪念。例如克林顿全名是William Jefferson Clinton，Jefferson是一位美国的民主奠基者，父母取这名字来激励小克林顿。 中名middle name一般是孩子祖父、祖母的名字，就是用来纪念他们的，用这种特殊的方式来表达对他们的敬爱。经常看到有儿子跟老子的中名是一样的，都是跟着祖父来的。 也有一些贵族，中名可
16、能特别长，但应该都是由他们亲戚的名字衍生而来。中名有可能也能表示这人在家族中的地位、辈分等。,36,Components of English Names,1. The number of middle names varies:a British writer Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde2. Middle names are only used in very formal situation for official purpose, such as on a document. George Walker Bush; George Bush;
17、George W. Bush;,37,Shortened Forms,Among friends and colleagues, people can use shortening forms of name, as Alex for Alexander.,38,Shortened Forms,Alexander,Anthony,Elizabeth,Michael,William,Robert,Alec,Mike,Will,Bob,Bess,Tony,39,Shortened Forms,Andrew,Stephen,Victoria,David,Christopher,Rebecca,Cat
18、herine,Kate,Andy,Steve,Dave,Becky,Chris,Vicky,40,Norman conquest of England诺曼征服,William Duke of Normandy of France 诺曼底大公,41,42,Harold II King of England,William Duke of Normandy 诺曼底大公,1066年，英格兰国王爱德华逝世，由于膝下无子，二人皆声称有王位继承权,43,In 1066, William defeated Harold and invaded England. By 1071, William contro
19、lled most of England. “Norman conquest of England” 诺曼征服,44,French people began to rule England. This transformed the English language and culture of England. So this is a very important event in English history. This also led to the “Hundred Years War” between France and England. 英法百年战争,45,这次征服改变了英格兰的走向，从此英格兰受到欧洲大陆的影响加深，而受到斯堪的纳维亚的影响逐渐衰退。诺曼征服整个改变了英格兰的文化，甚至是其语言。 法语一度成为英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词涌入英语，改变了英语运用复合法作为创造新词的主要手段。随着众多的法语词被借入英语，一批法语和拉丁语的词缀被英语化，成为英语中构词的重要素材。,46,Map of the UK,
