1、2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section I Use of EnglishPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn specula
2、ted that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other d
3、efendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the resu
4、lts of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardize
5、d exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an aver
6、age of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. Agrants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers2. Aminor Bobjective Ccrucial D external3. Aissue Bvision Cpicture Dexternal4. A For example B O
7、n average CIn principle DAbove all5. Afond Bfearful Ccapable D thoughtless6. A in B on Cto D for7. A if B until C though D unless8. A promote B emphasize Cshare Dtest9. A decision B quality C status D success10. A chosen B studied C found D identified11. A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D ot
8、herwise12. A inspired B expressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned B rated C matched D arranged14. A put B got C gave D took15. A instead B then C ever D rather16. A selected B passed C marked D introduced17. A before B after C above D below18. A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19. A achieve B und
9、o C maintain D disregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulText 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of
10、 the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdres
11、sed, Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H her example cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment in
12、cluding H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.D lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers toA co
13、mbat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24. Which of the following can be in
14、ferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant
15、 lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be
16、much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy
17、to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track “(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsofts Internet
18、 Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT ;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the ver
19、sion due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they a
20、re sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies
21、almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should
22、have more control.“ Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refer
23、s to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. Which of the foll
24、owing is true according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A in
25、dulgenceB understandingC appreciationD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopi
26、a has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record
27、 shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List“ of t
28、hreatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.“So what does our deep
29、 future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to thin
30、k about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats
31、one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping
32、the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are n
33、ow knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and technologyC our awareness of potential risks
34、D our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCNs “Red List” suggest that human being areA a sustained speciesB a threaten to the environmentC the worlds dominant powerD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.B Te
35、chnology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our experience from th
36、e pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked o
37、ut much of Arizonas immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona
38、v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that f
39、ederal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the o
40、verturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. Tha
41、ts because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disa
42、greed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alit
43、o describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any ot
44、herwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. T
45、he administration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because theyA deprived the federal p
46、olice of Constitutional powers.B disturbed the power balance between different states.C overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.D contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?A Federal officers duty to wit
47、hhold immigrants information.B States independence from federal immigration law.C States legitimate role in immigration enforcement.D Congresss intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition ActsA violated the Constitution.B undermined the
48、 states interests.C supported the federal statute.D stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcementA outweighs that held by the states.B is dependent on the states support.C is established by federal statutes.D rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?A Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.B Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.C Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.D The Administration is dominan
