1、2013年 全 国 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 统 一 考 试 英 语 （ 二 ） 真 题 及 参 考 答 案SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefolowingtext.Chosethebstword(s)foreachnumberdblankandmarkA,BCorDonANSWERSHET1.(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelctronicmoney,youmighthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlessocietyinwhichalpaymentsaremadelectro
2、nicaly.1atruecashlesocietyisprobalynotaroundthecorner.Inded,predictionshaveben2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruiton.Forexample,BusinesWekpredictedin1975thatelctronicmeansofpaymentwouldson“revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself,“onlyto4itselfsevralyearslater.Whyhasthemovemntoacashlessocietybenso5incom
3、ing?Althoughelctronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreficenthanpaymentsystembasedonpaer,sevralfactorswork6thedisapearnceofthepaersytem.First,itisvery7tosetupthecomputer,cardeader,andtelcornmunicationsnetworksnecsarytomakelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecond,paercheckshavetheadvantagethathey9recipts,omethingt
4、haimanyconsumersareunwilingto10.Third,theuseofpaerchecksgivesconsumersevraldaysof“float“-itakesevraldays1acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheisuersacount,whichmeansthathewriterofthecheckcancaminterstonthefundsinthemeantime.13elctronicpaymentsarcimediate,theyelimnatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,elctro
5、nicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbenabletoacesacomputerdatbaseandtoalterinformation15ther.Thefacthathisisnotan16ocurencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoacesbankacountsinelctronicpaymentsystemsand17fromsomeonelsesacounts.The18oft
6、histypeofraudisnoeasytask,andanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevlopingto19securityisues.Afurtherconcernisthatheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelctronic20thatcontainsalrgeamountofpersonaldat.Therareconcernsthatgovernment,employers,andmarketrsmightbeabletoacesthesdat,therbyviolatingourprivacy.1.AHow
7、evr BMoreover CTherfore DOtherwise2.Aof Bback Cover Daround3.Apower Bconcept Chistory Drole4.Areward Bresit Cresume Drevrse5.Asilent Bsuden Cslow Dsteady6.Afor Baginst Cwith Don7.Aimaginative BexpensiveCsensitve Dproductive8.Asimlar Borignal Ctemporay Ddominat9.Acolect Bprovide Ccopy Dprint10.Agiveu
8、p Btakeover CbringbackDpasdown1.Abefore Bafter Csince Dwhen12.Akept Bborowed Crelased Dwithdrawn13.AUnles BUntil CBecause DThough14.Ahide Bexpres Craise Dease15.Aanlyzed Bshared Cstored Ddisplayed16.Aunsafe BunaturalCuncomon Dunclear17.Asteal Bchose Cbenfit Dreturn18.Aconsideration BprevntionCmanipu
9、lationDjustifcation19.Acopewith BfightaginstCadpto Dcalfor20.Achunk Bchip Cpath DtrailSectionIReadingComprehnsionPartADirections:Readthefolowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHET1.(40points)Text1Inanesayentiled“ MakingItinAmerica” ,theauthorAdamDav
10、idsonrelatesajokefromcotonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemilhasbenautomated:Theaveragemilonlytwoemployestoday,”amanandadog.Themanisthertofedthedogisthertokepthemanawyfromthemachines.”Davidson sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecsthathaverecntlyapearedmakingthepointhattherasonwehavesuchstubornlyhighunemployme
11、ntandeclingmidle-clasincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationadtheinformationtechnolgyrevolution,whicharemoreapidlythanevreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskils,doinganaveragejob， couldearnanaveragelifestyle,But,today,averageisoficalyover.Beingave
12、ragejustwon tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan twhensomanymoremployershavesomuchmoreacestosmuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobtics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therfore,evryonenedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhatevristheirfieldofemployment.Ye
13、s,newtechnolgyhasbeneatingjobsforevr,andalwayswil.Buther sbenacelration.AsDavidsonotes,” Inthe10yearsendingin209,U.Sfactorieshedworkersofasthatheyrasedalmostalthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofevrythremanufacturingjobs-about6milionintoal-disapeared.Therwilalwaysbechanged-newjobs,newproduct
14、s,newservices.ButheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.Trevolution,thebestjobswilrequireworkerstohavemoreandbetereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.Inaworldwheraverageisoficalyover,theraremanythingswenedtodtosuportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportanthanpasingsome
15、kindofG.IBilforthe21stcenturythatensuresthatevryAmericanhasacestopoet-highscholeducation.21.ThejokeinPargraph1isusedtoilustrate_AtheimpactoftechnolgicaladvancesBthealeviationofjobpresureCtheshrinkageoftextilemilsDthedeclineofmidle-clasincomes2.AcordingtoPargraph3,tobeasucesfulemploye,onehasto_Aworko
16、ncheapsoftwareBaskforamoderatesalryCadoptanaveragelifestyleDcontributesomethingunique23.ThequotaioninPargraph4explainsthat_AgainsoftechnolgyhavebenerasedBjoboportunitesaredisapearingatahighspedCfactoriesaremakingmuchlesmoneythanbeforeDnewjobsandserviceshavebenoferd24.Acordingtotheauthor,toreduceunem
17、ployment,themostimportantis_AtoacelratetheI.TrevolutionBtoensuremoreducationforpeopleCroadvanceconmicglobalizationDtopasmorebilsinthe21stcentury25.Whichofthefolowingwouldbethemostapropriatetileforthetext?ANewLawTakesEfectBTechnolgyGoesCheapCAverageIsOverDRecsionIsBadText2Acenturyago,theimigrantsfrom
18、acrostheAtlanticincluedsetlersandsojurners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslokingtomakeapermanethomeintheUnitedStaescamethosewhoadnointentiontostay,and7milinpeoplearivedwhileabout2miliondeparted.AboutaquarterofalItalianimigrants,forexanmle,evntualyreturnedtoItalyforgod.Theyevnhadanafectionatenickname,“ ucelidi
19、pasagio,” birdsofpasage.Today,wearemuchmoreigdaboutimigrants.Wedivdenmcomersintowocategories:legalorilegal,godorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orurbokenimigrantionsytemandthelongpolitcalparlysioverhowtofixit.Wedon tnedmorecategories,butwenedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Wenedtolokbeyond
20、strickdefintionsoflegalandilegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpasage,thoselivngandthrivnginthegrayreas.Wemighthenbegintoslveourimigrationchalenges.Cropickers,violinst,constructionworkers,entreprenurs,enginers,homehalth-careaidesandphysicstareamongtoday sbirdsofpasage.Theyarenergeticparticpants
21、inaglobaleconmydrivenbytheflowfwork,moneyandieas.Theyprefrtocomeandgoasoportunitycalsthem,Theycanmangetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermision,theystradlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentieswithease.WenedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStaesaplacewhertheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcomitingt
22、hemselvestostayingforevr.Wenedthemtofelthathomecanbebotherandtherandthatheycanbelongtotwonationshonrably.Acomodatingthisneworldofpeopleinmotionwilrequirenewatitudesonbothsidesoftheimigrationbatle.Lokingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwongmeansopenigupthemidlegroundandunderstandingthatmangingimigrat
23、iontodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoacomplishlegalyinthexistingsytem.26“ Birdsofpasage” refrstothosewho_AimigrateacrostheAtlantic.Bleavetheirhomecountriesforgod.Cstayinaforegintemporaily.Dfindpermanetjobsoverseas.27Itisimpliedinpargraph2thathecurentimigratio
24、nstystemintheUS_Anedsnewimigrantcategories.Bhaslosendcontroloverimigrants.Cshouldbeadoptedtometchalenges.Dhasbenfixedviapolitcalmeans.28Acordingtotheauthor,today sbirdsofpasagewant_Afiancialincentives.Baglobalrecogniton.Coportunitestogetregularjobs.Dthefredomtostayandleave.29Theauthorsugestthathebir
25、dsofpasagetodayshouldbetreated_Aasfaithfulpartners.Bwitheconmicfavors.Cwithregaltolerance.Dasmightyrivals.30选出最适合文章的标题Acomeandgo:bigmistake.Blivngandthrivng:greatrisk.Cwithorwithout:greatrisk.Dlegalorilegal:bigmistake.Text3Scientisthavefoundthatlthoughwearepronetosnapovereactions,ifwetakeamoentandth
26、inkabouthowearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceorevnelimnatehengativefectsofurquick,hard-wiredresponse.Snapdecisonscanbeimportantdefnsemechanism;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmiliseconds.Butwenedmoretimetoasesotherfactors.Toacuratelytelwheth
27、ersomeoneisociable,studieshow,enedatleastaminute,prefrablyfive.Itakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likenuroticsmorpen-mindenes.Butsnapdecisonsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsycholgistatheUniversityofTorntofoundthatviewingafast-fodlogforjustafewmilisecondsp
28、rimesustoread20percentfaster,evnthoughreadinghaslitletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyasociatefastfodwithspedandimpatienceandcarythoseimpulseintowhatevrelsew redoing,Subjectsexposedtofast-fodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpieclasttolong.Yetwecanrevrseuchinfluences.Ifweknowewilovereactocnsumerpoductsorho
29、usingoptionswhenweseahapyface(onereasongodsalesrepresntaivesandrealestaeagentsarealwaysmilng),wecantakeamoentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscrenersaremorelikelytorejctatractivefemaleaplicants,wecanhelpscrenersunderstandtheirbiase-orhireoutsidescreners.JohnGotman,themariagexpert,explainsthatwequickly
30、“ thinslice” informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“ thicksliced” long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gotmanrealywantstoaseswhetheracouplewilstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohislandretreatforamucklongervaluation;twodays,notwoseconds.Ourabiltytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdiferntiatesusfro
31、manimals:dogecanthinkabouthefutreonlyintermitentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricalywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnolgymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn tchangedournature.Westilhavetheimaginativecapcitytoriseabovetemptaionandrevrsethehigh-spedtrend.31.Thetimened
32、einmakingdecisonsmay_.AvaryacordingtotheurgencyofthesituationBprovethecomplexityofourbrainreactionCdepndontheimportanceoftheasesmentDpredterminetheacuracyofourjudgment32.Oureactiontoafast-fodlogshowsthatsnaodecisons_.AcanbeasociativeBarenotunconsciousCcanbedangerousDarenotimpulsive3.Torevrsethenegat
33、iveinfluencesofsnapdecisons,weshould_.AtrustourfirstimpresionBdoaspeopleusalydoCthinkbeforeweactDaskforexpertadvice34.JohnGotmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionarebasedon_.AcritcalasesmentB thinsliced studyCsensiblexplantionDadequateinformation35.Theauthor satitudetowardrevrsingthehigh-spedtrendis_.Atol
34、erantBuncertainCoptimsticDdoubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewilnevrbecompletlyfamily friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormangemntdecisons,andEurope,stopcorporate-governacepositonsremainoverwhelminglymale.inded,womenholdonly14percentofpositonsonEuropecorpor
35、ateboards.TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproprtionofwomen-upto60percent.Thispropsedmandatewasbornofrustration.Lastyear,EuropeComisionVicePresidentVivaneRedingisuedacaltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalncegoalof40percentf
36、emaleboardmebership.Butherapealwasconsiderdafilure:only24companiestokitup.DowenedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLaderfairyastheybalnceworkandfamily?“ Personaly,Idon tlikequotas,” Redingsaidrecntly.“ Butilkewhathequotasdo.” Quotasgetaction:they“ openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakt
37、hroughteglasceilng,” acordingtoReding,aresultseniFranceandothercountrieswithlegalybindingprovisonsonplacingwomenitopbusinespositons.IunderstandReding sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governmentbythecapble.Bur,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoach
38、ievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslokasifafaireworldmustbetemporailyorderd.Afteral,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSarevadingthemeritocratichirngandpromtionofwomentotopositon nomaterhowmuch“ softpresure” isputponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtohesumitofcorporatepower-as,fo
39、rexample,SherylSandbergrecntlydiatFacebok theyatractmasiveatentionpreciselybecausetheyremainthexceptiontoherule.Ifapropriatepubicpoliceswerinplacetohelpalwomen-whetherCEOsortheirchildren scaregivers-andalfamiles,Sandbergwouldbenomrenwsorthythanyotherhighlycapbleprsonlivnginamorejustsociety.36.IntheE
40、uropeancorporateworkplace,genraly_.AwomentaketheleadBmenhavethefinalsayCcorporategovernaceisoverwhelmedDseniormangemntisfamily-friendly37.TheEuropeanUnion sintendelegislationis_.AareflectionofgenderbalnceBareluctantchoiceCaresponsetoReding scalDavoluntaryaction38.AcordingtiReding,quotasmayhelpwomen_
41、.AgetopbusinespositonsBsethroughtheglasceilngCbalnceworkandfamilyDanticpatelegalresults39.Theauthor satitudetowardReding sapealisoneof_.AskepticsmBobjectivensCindifernceDaproval40.Womenenteringtopmangemntbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof_.AmoresocialjusticeBmasivemediatentionCsuitablepublicpolicesDgreat
42、er“ softpresure”PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberdpargraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHET1.(10points)ALivelikeapeasntBBalnceyourdietCShopkepersareyourfriendsDRembertotreatyourselfESticktowhatyounedFPlaningisevrvthingGW
43、astenot,wantnotTheugelypoularblogtheSkintFodiechronicleshowTonybalnceshisloveofgodfodwithlivngonbenfits.Afterbils,Tonyhas60awektospend,40ofwhichgoesonfod,but10yearsagohewasearnig130,0aIyearworkingincorporatecomunicationsandeatingatLondonsbetfrestaurants“atleastwiceawek.Thenhismariagefailed,hiscarerb
44、urnedoutandhisdrinkingbecamesrious.“Thecomunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagin,toacertaindegre,whenpeoplerespondetotheblogsowel.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatIdlost.Butitstiladay-by-daything.“Nowheslivnginacouncilflatndfieldingofersfromliterayagents.Hesfelingpositve,buthelca
45、ryonbloging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-“theraresomanypeopleinamuchworsestae,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfod“-buteatingwelonabudget.Hershisadviceforeconmicalfodies.41._Impulsivespendingisntanoption,soplanyourweksmenuinadvance,makingshopinglistforyouringredientsintheirexactquanties.IhaveanExceltem
46、plateforawekofbreakfast,lunchandiner.Stoplaughing:itsnotjustcostefectivebuthelpsyoubalnceyourdiet.Itsalsoagodideatoshopdailyinsteadofwekly,because,being-human,youlsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42_Thisiswhersupermarketsandthci;anoymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,thersnothesamembarasmentaswhenbuyi
47、ngonecarotinalitlegrengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,youlknowthatyouonlyned,say,350gofshinofbefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhatevrweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiler.43_Youmayproudlyclaimtonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefrezer-thatsnotgodenough.Mineisfiledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planingaheadshoul
48、delimnatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegtablesyouldoavegtablesoup,andalfruitsthreatenigto“gofwilbecokedorjuiced.4_Everyonesaysthis,butitrealyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-selersregularly,evnforsmalthings,andbesuperfriendly.Sonyoulfelcomfortableaskingiftheyveanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbefbones,chickencarcasesandfisheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,Theyiletyouhaveforfre.45_Youwontbeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpeniesandon
