1、文献简介1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine 3. Previous studies have reported 4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies 5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, r
2、esearch into X was mainly concerned with .6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that 7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with 8. Recent evidence suggests that .9. Several attemps have been made to 10. A number of researchers have reported 11
3、. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .14. No previous study has investigated X15. Although extensive research has been carried out on , no single study exists which 强调前人研究的不足之处1. Most studies in the field of X h
4、ave only focussed on 2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about 5. Such expositions are unsatisfa
5、ctory because they .6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of 7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.9. Researchers have not treated X
6、 in much detail.10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with 11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether 12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature 13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately cove
7、rs 14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.15. Xs analysis does not take account of . nor does he examine 重申研究目的1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.2.
8、The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of 3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate 2. To ascertain 4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what 5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between 6. The m
9、ain aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with 7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which and whether .8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of 10. This dissertation seeks to expl
10、ain the development of .11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to 13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of 14. The major objective of this study was to investiga
11、te 15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were 16. The objectives of this research are to determine 17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by , and the effect of 18. This study systematically reviews the data for, aiming to provide
12、clarity surrounding the role of .研究问题/假设1. The central question in this dissertation asks how 2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that 4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not 5. This study ai
13、med to address the following research questions:6. Another question is whether 介绍方法、数据的来源1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qu
14、alitative, semi- structured interview methodology.4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the This work takes the form of a case-study of the 5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs we
15、re adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish 8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey
16、, with data being gathered via .10. Five works will be examined, all of which .表明局限性1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of 2.
17、 Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.概况研究框架1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.3. C
18、hapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how 4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
19、6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, 7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to 8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critiq
20、ue of the findings,9. and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.10. Finally, areas for further research are identified.解释关键术语1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first sugge
21、sted by Smith (1968) who saw it as .2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.4. According to (2000) X can be defined as follows; “ X is one of “5. The term X is a relatively new name for commonly ref
22、erred to as 验证一项研究的弱点1. the main weakness of the study is the failure to address how .2. the study fails to consider the differing categories of damage that .3. the research does not take into account pre-existing such as 4. the author offers no explanation for the distinction between X and Y.5. Smi
23、th makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of X.6.Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of 7. the paper would appear to be over ambitious in its claims8. the author overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.9. what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction bet
24、ween 10. another weakness is that we are given no explanantion of how 11. no attempt was made to quantify the association between X and Y.强调此前研究的不充分1. Most studies in the field of X have only focused on 2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.3. The generalisabilit
25、y of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about 5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and at
26、titudes of 7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with 11. However, these studies used non-validated methods to
27、 measure .12. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether 13. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature 14. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers 15. However, these results were based upon data f
28、rom over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.提供有建设性的意见1. A better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with 2. A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to 介绍其他人的评论1. How
29、ever, Jones (2003) points out that .2. Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .3. Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.4. The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by
30、a number of writers.5. Smiths analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that 6. Smiths meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.7. The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that 8. Jones (2003) is probably t
31、he best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .9. The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).10. Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the11. Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide 1
32、2. More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982):13. Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.如何介绍引用1. In the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: “Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the poin
33、t .“2. Sachs concludes: “The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape.“ (Sachs, 1992a: 156).3. As Smith argues: “In the past, the purpose of education was to “ (Smith , 2000:150).4. As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: “there are many good reasons to be sceptical“.描述其他作者想法
34、的参考文献1. According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.2. This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes 3. Smith argues that her data support OBriens (1988) view that As Smith reminds us, 4. Elsewhere, Smith has a
35、rgued that 参考文献：相关文献概览1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies 2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of 3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with 4. The generalisability of much published resear
36、ch on this issue is problematic.5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how 6. During the past 30 years much more information has become available on 7. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .8. A large and growing body of lite
37、rature has investigated 参考文献：以往研究或学术活动相关文献1. Many historians have argued that (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain . (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)3. Recent evidence suggests that . (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001
38、)4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998).5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that 6. Several attempts have been made to . (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)7. Several studies have revealed that it is
39、 not just X that acts on (Smith, 1996; Jones .8. Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an account, whilst Jones .9. Several studies investigating X have been carried out on 10. Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with
40、 obesity11. Previous studies have reported (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).12. Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, 13. A number of studies have found that (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).14. Twenty cohort study analyses have exam
41、ined the relationship between .15. At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between16. Other studies have considered the relationship 17. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .18. The causes of X have been widely i
42、nvestigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).19. The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .20. Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).21. X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of
43、glucocorticoids in murine- induced arthritis (11).22. It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995) It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 23. It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results
44、in damage to (Smith, 1998; 文章重点：当前理论存在的问题、局限性1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether 2. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that 3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why.4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that
45、5. The key problem with this explanation is that 6. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.7. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.8. Smiths argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of 9. It seems that Jones understanding of the X framewor
46、k is questionable. Smiths interpretation overlooks much of the historical research 10. One major criticism of Smiths work is that .11. Many writers have challenged Jones claim on the grounds that .12. Xs analysis does not take account of . nor does he examine 文章重点：研究方法存在的问题、局限性1. Another problem wit
47、h this approach is that it fails to take X into account.2. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.5.
48、 One major drawback of this approach is that 6. The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is 7. However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.8. However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.9. All the studies reviewed so far, howeve
49、r, suffer from the fact that .10. However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken.11. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that12. However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was 描述实验方法：强调一个特殊的方法1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications. Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.2. Publications were only included if .3. X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure o
