1、Uterine Cancer,Xi-Shi LiuObstetrics and Gynecology HospitalFudan university 2009.09,General Description,Uterine cancer is one of the most common malignancy of female genital tract.The incidence is increasing worldwide in recent years.Overall,2%-3% of women develop uterine cancer during their lifetim
2、e.,General Description,A malignant epithelial disease that occurs in endometrial gland of uterusAlso called endometrial cancer,Classification (pathogenetic,biologic behavior ),Estrogen dependent type have a history of exposure to unopposed estrogen (either endogenous or exogenous).Hyperplastic endom
3、etriumBetter differentiafedER(+),PR(+)Mere favorable prognesis,Estrogen independent type,- Have no source of estrogen stimulation of endometrium.-Arising in background of atrophic endemetrium-Less differentiated-ER(-)PR(-)-Poor prognosis,Risk Factors,1. Medical conditions a. Diabetes mellitus, hyper
4、tension. b. Overweight-obesity (excess estrogen as a result of peripheral conversion of adrenally derived androstenedione by aromatization in fat). c. Late menopause.,Risk Factors,2. Some gynecologic diseases ( Long-term endogenous estrogen exposure )- polycystic ovary syndrome- functioning ovarian
5、tumors - anovulating dysfunctional bleeding- Infertility, Nulliparity.,Risk Factors,3. Prolonged Use of estrogen a. Prolonged menopausal estrogen replacement therapy without progestogen.b. Prolonged use of the antiestrogen tamoxifen for breast cancer.,Risk Factors,4. Genetic factors and other factor
6、s a. Endometrial and ovarian cancer are the simultaneously occurring with other genital malignancy ,reported incidence (1.43.8%).b. Family history of tumor is higher.(12-28%),Five histological subtypes,Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Mucinous carcinoma Serous adenocarcinoma Clear cell carcinoma Other ra
7、re subtypes,Five histological subtypes -Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma,Account for about 8090%.Well differentiated.Prognosis is better.,Five histological subtypes -Mucinous carcinoma,Rare (about 5%) a. Most of them is a well differentiated.b. Behavior is similar to that of common endometrial carcinoma.
8、,Five histological subtypes -Serous adenocarcinoma,a. Architecture is identical with complex papillary. b. More aggressively with deep myometrial and lymphatic invasion. c. Simulating the behavior of ovarian carcinoma.,Five histological subtypes -Clear cell carcinoma,a. A rare subtype b. Is high gra
9、de and aggressive c. Prognosis is similar to or worse than that of papillary serous carcinoma d. Survival rate is lower 33%64%,Five histological subtypes -other rare subtypes,Squamous adenocarcinoma Undifferentiated carcinoma Mixed adenocarcinoma,Clinical Features-Symptoms,Asymptomaic (about less th
10、an 5% )Abnormal vaginal bleeding (premenopausal or postmenopausal, minimal or nonpersistant)Abnormal vaginal discharge(25% infection of uterine contents)Pelvic pressure or discomfort (uterine enlargement or extrauterine disease spread),Clinical Features-Signs,No evidence in early stage on physical e
11、xamination Slight enlargement of uterine size and soft Uterus fixed, immobile, adenexal mess in advanced stage,Special Examination,Dilation and fractional curettage ( D. C) Most effective ,definitive procedure and commonly used Significance -Established correct diagnosis, clinical stage -differentia
12、ted from cervical cancer or cervical involvement,Ultrasonography Useful adjuvant method Significances Size of lesion Invasion of endometrium or cervix Resistant index of new vessels,Endometrial carcinoma in a 58-year-old woman with substantial postmenopausal bleeding. (A) Sagittal transvaginal US sc
13、an shows the endometrium with a thickness of 44 mm and a large area of mixed echogenicity suggestive of a mass. (B) Transverse sonohysterogram shows a 50-mm-diameter polypoid mass protruding into the endometrial cavity (calipers indicate the stalk of the mass). Histopathologic findings indicated poo
14、rly differentiated endometrial carcinoma.,A,B,Hysteroscopy Significance -Direct observation -Taking sample correctly -Identifying polyps and submucous myoma,Pap test -Unreliable diagnostic test -30%-50% abnormal pap test resultsOthers -MRI, CT, chest x-ray, IV urography, cystoscopy, sigmoidoscopy,Di
15、agnosis,History, and clinical sign , related risk factors symptomsDiagnostic methods,Differential Diagnosis,Senile endometritis / vaginitis Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Submucous myoma / Endometrial polyps Cervix cancer / Sarcoma of uterus/ Primary carcinoma of fallopian tube,Metastasis Route,Dire
16、ct extension Lymphatic metastasis: important route Hematogenous metastasis,Clinical Stage (FIGO 1971),Stage IIa The carcinoma is confined to the corpus and the length of the uterine cavity is 8 cmIb The carcinoma is confined to the corpus and the length of the uterine cavity is 8 cm Stage II The car
17、cinoma has involved the corpus and the cervix, but has not extended outside the uterus,Clinical Stage (FIGO 1971),Stage III The carcinoma has extended outside the uterus, but not outside the true pelvis Stage IVIVa The carcinoma has extended outside the uterus and involves the mucosa of the bladder
18、or rectum (a bullous oedema assuch does not permit the case to be allotted to Stage IV)IVb The carcinoma has extended outside the true pelvis and spread to distant organs,Surgical pathologic staging (FIGO 1988),Stage IIa* Tumour limited to the endometriumIb* Invasion to less than half of the myometr
19、iumIc* Invasion equal to or more than half of the myometrium Stage IIIIa* Endocervical glandular involvement onlyIIb* Cervical stromal invasion,Surgical pathologic staging (FIGO 2000),Stage IIIIIIa* Tumour invades the serosa of the corpus uteri and/or adnexae and/or positive cytological findingsIIIb
20、* Vaginal metastasesIIIc* Metastases to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes Stage IVIVa* Tumour invasion of bladder and/or bowel mucosaIVb* Distant metastases, including intra-abdominal metastasis and/or inguinal lymph nodes,Stage Ia* Tumor limited to the endometrium Stage Ib* Invasion to less tha
21、n half of the myometrium Stage Ic* Invasion equal to or more than half of the myometrium,Stage IIa* Endocervical glandular involvement only Stage IIb* Cervical stromal invasion,Stage IIIa* Tumor invades the serosa of the corpus uteri and/or adnexae and/or positive cytological findings Stage IIIb* Va
22、ginal metastases Stage IIIc* Metastases to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes,Stage IVa* Tumor invasion of bladder and/or bowel mucosa Stage IVb* Distant metastases, including intra-abdominal metastasis and/or inguinal lymph nodes,Treatment,Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Hormone therapyEarly stag
23、e- surge+ postoperative adjuvant therapy Advanced stage - radiation+ surge+ medicine,Principle of choice,General condition (Age, complication)Clinical stageTumour pathologic type,Surgery,Object Operative pathologic stage, finding prognosis risk factors Remove uterus and metastasis tumour Stage I : A
24、bdorminal hysterectomy + bilateral salpingoophorectomy + selective lymphadenectomy clear cell or papillary carcinoma omentectomy+appenditectomy,Stage II Radical hysterectomy + pelvic lymphadenectomy + paraortic lymphadenectomy Stage III,IV Cytoreductive surgery,Indications of pelvic lymphadenectomy,
25、Special pathogenetic pattern Endometrial cancer, grade 3 or no differentiation Myo-invasion more than Size of lesion more than 50% of uterine cavity Involvement in isthmus of uterus,Radiation therapy,Radiation alone Radiation with surgery,Radiation combined surgery -Radiation after surgery,Adenexal
26、/ serosal / parametrial spread Vaginal metastasis Lymph node metastasis Intraperitoneal spread Bladder / rectal invasion Myoinvasion 50% G3 50% myoinvasion,Indications for radiation alone,Elderly or obesity Multiple chronic or acute medical illness (hypertension, cardial disease, diabetes, pulmonary
27、, renal) Advanced stage unsuitable for surgery,Hormone Therapy,mechenism Most endometrial cancers have both ER & PR.(Estrogen dependent subtype) Indications: Advanced or recurrent stage Early stage and desire for fertility Used drugs MPA,Chemotherapy,Advanced stage or recurrent carcinomaPostoperativ
28、e adjunctive treatment for high risk factorUsed drugs: DDP (cisplatin), CTX (cyclophosphamide), ADM (doxorubicin ), 5-Fu,TaxalMMC, VP16.,Prognostic Factors,Tumour bilologic bihavior Cell type Histological grade Depth of myometrium infiltration lymph-node metastasis Presence of lymph vascular space i
29、nvolvement Positive peritoneal cytology General condition Old age Acute or chronic medical illness Choice of treatment,5-Year Survival Rate,Stage I b: 94% Stage I c: 87% Stage II : 84% Stage III : 40-60%,Follow-up,75-95% disease will recur within 2-3 years after operation. Items Main complaints Pelv
30、ic examination Vaginal discharge smear Chest X ray Serum CA125 Blood routine test Blood biochemistry examination CT/MRI,Questions,How to make diagnosis of uterine cancer? Whats the principle of treatment on patients with uterine cancer? Whatre associated with prognosis of uterine cancer?,?,THE END,THANKS,
