1、- Page 1-2011 2011 法硕联盟，在读学长答疑，22001111年北大及人大法律硕士状元均为本站会员！ 2012 2012 22001122文都考研英语阅读导学班讲义 主讲人：北京外国语大学何凯文 第一部分：对于长难句课程难点重点的回顾 非简单句的障碍来源： 非简单句: S1 ，S2，S3，S4,Sn 如何拆分和组合句子 非简单句的障碍解决方案 一关联词和主句专一原则 关联词: 1. 关系代词：that,who,whom,which,what,as,whose, 2. 关系连词：if,whether,when,where, 3. 标点符号： , - ; 4. 并列连词：and，o
2、r 主句专一原则: 1. 一个句子只能有一个主句，主句中没有关联词。 2. 一个句子中有n个分句，则只有n-1个关联词。 例证： 句子之间的关联方式 u 1.并列 l 并列联词的用法 例1Itisa littleupsetting toreadthata certain linedescribesa fight betweena Turkishanda Bulgarianofficerandtofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsof theofficers,“Pluff!Pluff!“Ahundredande
3、ighty-fivekilograms. u 2.主从复合（嵌套） 主从复合句的分类： 三大从句： 名词性从句： 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句 形容词性从句： 定语从句 副词性从句： 状语从句 常见的关联词： -1- - Page 2- 法硕联盟论坛 wwwwwwffaasshhuuoouunniioonnccoomm 考研 ！ 名词性从句：关系代词：what，who，whom，which, 关系连词：that,when,where,how, 形容词性从句：见定语从句 副词性从句：见 表 名词性从句的分类讲解： 状语从句 类 常用连 词 连 词 间状语从句 When, while
4、, 1. 一 间名词：the moment,the instant, the as, before, minute, theday, next time, everytime since, till, 2. 一 副词：instantly,immediately, directly until, assoon 3. 定 的连词：nosooner-than, as hardly-when, scarcely-when. 点状语从句 Where Wherever, anywhere, everywhere 原 状语从句 Because, as, Seeing that,considering tha
5、t,nowthat,given for,since that, in that,inasmuchas, insomuch as 的状语从句 Sothat, in Lest,forfearthat,incase,inthehopethat, order that, onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheend that that 状语从句 So-that, so Suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat, that, to such a degree that, to such anextent that such-th
6、at 状语从句 If, unless Suppose,supposing,providing,provided( 关 ：supposed, provide 用 从句的连词）on condition that, so longas, as longas 状语从句 Although, While(一 用在句 ), as(用于 though,even ),whatever, whoever, whichever,however, though,evenif whenever,wherever,whether-or-,asadj. as +主 用在句 状语从句 As, than The more-,
7、themore-; just as-, so-; A isto B what/as C is to D;no more-than; not Aso much asB/not so much A asB 方式状语从句 as, theway 主语从句： ：(1).关系连词+句子+词 (2).It+be词+形容词/名词语+关系连词+句子 (3).It+ 及currency1词+that 例子：1.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears. 2.Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute. 3.Whatha
8、ppenedontheGuangMingDingwillbeforeveretchedinzhangwujismemory. 4.It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas -2- - Page 3-2011 2011 法硕联盟，在读学长答疑，22001111年北大及人大法律硕士状元均为本站会员！ readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical s
9、ymbolinsolvingproblems. 人“为，fifl的人有 一 点：解， ，能 ，并在解决”的程中于 用文 学符号。 Itisclearthat itispossiblethat 能 Itislikelythat能 itisnaturalthat Itiscertainthat itisstrangethat 的 Itisfortunatethat的 itisnecessarythat有 的 5.Itisobviousthata majorityofthepresidentsadvisersstilldonttakeglobalwarming seriously. 6.Itisat
10、ruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.(PrideandPrejudice) Itisapitythat 的 Itisafactthat Itisagoodnewsthat Itisagoodthingthat Itisnowonderthat难 Itisashamethat 的/ Itisanhonorthat Itiscommonknowledge 常 Itismybeliefthat Itisamiraclethat It is an establish
11、ed fact that factory workers work better , harder, and have fewer accidentswhentheirmachinesarepaintedorangeratherthanblackorgrey. , 如 的 ， 人 会 的 ， ， 会 。 7.It seemed that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the Western world since the
12、time of theIndustrial Revolution. Itseemsthat ， Itfollowsthat Ithappensthat， Itturnsoutthat , 8.Itiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgments thatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. 宾语从句 ：（1）词+关联词+句子 （2）词+宾语1+关联词+句子 （3）词+关联词+句子 （4）词+it形式宾语+
13、宾+关联词+句子 例子：1.Ihavelearnedthatlove,nottime,healsallwounds. 2.XiaoguaishouassuredOatmanthathehadnointentionofoffendinghim. 3.“Thetestof anydemocratic society,”hewroteina WallStreetJournalcolumn,“lies notinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtand expressionthewidestpossiblel
14、atitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmay -3- - Page 4- 法硕联盟论坛 wwwwwwffaasshhuuoouunniioonnccoomm 考研 ！ sometimesbe.” 在 街日报的一个专栏写道：“对于任何民主社会的检验 在于它能多有 效的控制言论的由表达，在于它能否最大限度的赋予思想由和表达由，尽 管其 有 能会非常有争议和令人 悦。 4.we must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effortto curb the po
15、llution. 须调清楚，有关方面应该尽一切努来治污染。 表语从句 的 ： 系词+关联词+句子 .(because/that) .(because/that) 例子：Thereasonformyreturnis Ileftmykeysbehind(bbeeccaauussee/tthhaatt) 同位语从句 ： +that+ +that+ 名词+tthhaatt+句子 + +that+ + +that+ 名词+定语+tthhaatt+句子 + +that+ + +that+ 名词+语+tthhaatt+句子 例子： 1. I have been left with the knowledge
16、 that its better to expect nothing than to give 1. I have been left with the knowledge that its better to expect nothing than to give 11 II hhaavvee bbeeeenn lleefftt wwiitthh tthhee kknnoowwlleeddggee tthhaatt iittss bbeetttteerr ttoo eexxppeecctt nnootthhiinngg tthhaann ttoo ggiivvee everythingand
17、thenbedisappointed everythingandthenbedisappointed eevveerryytthhiinnggaannddtthheennbbeeddiissaappppooiinntteedd 从中懂得 ， 抱任何希望付努却最终失望 。 2. ThestatementbytheOneEarthathedidnotkillPikachuwasrejectedbytheblackcat 2. ThestatementbytheOneEarthathedidnotkillPikachuwasrejectedbytheblackcat 22 TThheessttaat
18、teemmeennttbbyytthheeOOnneeEEaarrtthhaatthheeddiiddnnoottkkiillllPPiikkaacchhuuwwaassrreejjeecctteeddbbyytthheebbllaacckkccaatt sergeant. sergeant. sseerrggeeaanntt 3. Concerns(evidence) wereraisedthattheOneearistherealmurder. 3. Concerns(evidence) wereraisedthattheOneearistherealmurder. 33 CCoonncc
19、eerrnnss(eevviiddeennccee) wweerreerraaiisseeddtthhaatttthheeOOnneeeeaarriisstthheerreeaallmmuurrddeerr 层次化句子阅读方法 u 1.层次化 的表示形式 例子：1.However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were muchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneouslyandthatstimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchwe
20、aker. or or 3. Thehistoryofclinicalnutritionoorrthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebody takes in and utilizes food substances, can bedivided into four distincteras:the first: when when began inthenineteenth century and extended into theearly twentieth century wwhheennitwas recognized for
21、thefirst timethatfood contained constituents thatwereessentialforhuman functionandthatdifferentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents.-4- - Page 5-2011 2011 法硕联盟，在读学长答疑，22001111年北大及人大法律硕士状元均为本站会员！ 非正常语序： 非正常语序之 句 句的分析方法 句的定义： 句的分类: 句的处流程: 部分 ： 1. 部分 的定义： 2. 部分 的 和还原： 完全 ： 1.完全 定义： 2.完全
22、的存在环境: 2.1能够在句子中充当主语和表语的 份 u 3.完全 的判断流程 的例句： 例1：Hereinlaythebeginningofwhatultimatelyturnedfromignorancetodenialofthevalueof nutritionaltherapiesinmedicine. 例2：Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals,sometimeseasilyrecognizableas such,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshap
23、es. 例2.2: Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. 例3：WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom that followed it, young people marr
24、ied and established households earlier and began to raise largerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression. 例4：BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhe countrysimpressivepopulationgrowth. 例41 ：Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanica
25、ctivity knowntogeologistsashotspots. -5- - Page 6- 法硕联盟论坛 wwwwwwffaasshhuuoouunniioonnccoomm 考研 ！ 例4.2Addingtoawomansincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities” forstress. 例5：AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanada in the summer to mate, lay eg
26、gs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets. 例6：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those ofAmericas first popular landscape artist, ThomasCole,who
27、builta career paintingtheCatskill Mountain scenery bordering theHudson River. 例7：Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”,thefilm hasneverbeenrealsilent. 例8：Coincident withconcerns abouttheacceleratinglossof species and habitats hasbeen a growing appreciation of the importan
28、ce of biological diversity, the number of species in a particularecosystem,tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being. 例9：MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduring the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city,within the UnitedState
29、s. 例10：Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhave beenclassifiedasdinosaurs. 例11:Allwouldbewell ，werereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationismandevolutiondebate. 非正常语序之调句的分析方法 1.调句的 2.调句的处方法 例1：Itwasjustadecadebeforethisthatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsales skyrock
30、etingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitamins andliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavarietyofhealth-relatedconditions. 例2：Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,whopublishedthefirstofficialcopiesoftheDeclaration,the firstcopiesthatincludedthenamesofitssignersandtherefo
31、reheraldedthesupportofallthirteen colonies. 例3：Itwasinthecitiesthattheelementsthatcan beassociated with moderncapitalism first -6- - Page 7-2011 2011 法硕联盟，在读学长答疑，22001111年北大及人大法律硕士状元均为本站会员！ appeared theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplace ofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,w
32、ithanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceof factoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools. 第二部分 演练 Text1 Text1 TTeexxtt11 Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled, itmaybecomea drivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesentere
33、djustsucha glowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,giving itsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworldsbest,itsworkersthe mostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansand Asianswhoseeconomiesthewarh
34、addestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominanceproved painful. By the mid-1980sAmericans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some hugeAmerican industries, such as consume
35、r electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereis none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.Americas machine-tool in
36、dustry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had inventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allof this caused a crisisof confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity forgranted. Theybegantobelievethattheirwa
37、yofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothe causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In19
38、95theUnited Statescan lookbackon fiveyears ofsolid growth while Japan has been struggling. FewAmericans attribute this solely to such obvious causesas adevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, ha
39、s learnt to be more quick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvardsKennedySchoolofGovernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimproving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank inWashington, DC. AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardB
40、usinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthis periodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.” 51. TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause_. -7- - Page 8- 法硕联盟论坛 wwwwwwffaasshhuuoouunniioonnccoomm 考研 ！ Aithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal Bitsdomesticmarketwaseight
41、timeslargerthanbefore Cthewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors Dtheunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy 52. ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefact thattheAmerican_. ATVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket Bsemiconductorind
42、ustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises Cmachine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions Dautoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket 53. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage? AItishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride. BIntensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress. CTherevivalofthe
43、economydependsoninternationalcooperation. DAlonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment. 54. TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributed tothe_. Aturningofthebusinesscycle Brestructuringofindustry Cimprovedbusinessmanagement Dsuccessineducation Text2 Text2 T
44、Teexxtt22 Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldsthere aretwice as many women asmen. But thegreat universalof male mortalityisbeing changed. Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgir
45、lsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewill beanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight.Akilogram too lightortoo
46、 heavy meantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. -8- - Page 9-2011 2011 法硕联盟，在读学长答疑，22001111年北大及人大法律硕士状元均为本站会员！ There isanother way tocommitevolutionary suicide:stay alive, buthavefewer children. Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomen have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like theage of death, has become average. Mostofus haveroughlythesamenumber ofoffspring.Aga
