1、The Specialized EnglishTsonghui WangThe Institute of Forensic ScienceSep.01,200321. Technical Writing in English1.1 The Composition of Scientific Thesis1.1.1 论文内容的概述1.1.1.1 论文的写作要求clear, concise, correct, courteous1.1.1.2 论文包含的各部份(1) Title concise, brief, appropriate1) Solubility Study2) Solubility
2、of Teflon3) Phase Equilibrium between Teflon and Organic Solvent4) A Study of the Phase Equilibrium between Teflon and someSolvent at Elevated Temperature目前很少用 Study of -, Investigation of, A Final Report on,A Complete Investigation of, etc. 一般, 一个标题不超过 12 个词,可加副标题。题目上的谦虚是写作上的错误。(2) Authors, Organiz
3、ation(Institution, affiliation), Location, Zip code *(3) Abstract clarified, independent, absorbing(4) Keywords*(5) Content Accurate, Detailed, Repeatable, Vital(6) Summary Succinct, Essential 突出研究课题的重要性和它的内容、方法、成果，以加深读者印象。(7) Acknowledgement Just suited(8) Reference(9) Attachment(10) Index 学位论文应将目录
4、加在关键词后面。31.1.2 关于 Abstract1.1.2.1 摘要的类型分陈述性和资料性两种。1.1.2.2 摘要的内容摘要的篇幅为正文的 3%， 通常不超过 200 words 的数目。摘要的内容包括：(1)重要性(2)研究的内容(3)突出的成果 它包括实验或论证中新观察到的事实和结论；新化合物的名称、数据等物理常数；采用的方法(4)意义1.1.2.3 摘要的注意事项(1) 使用标准术语，不使用缩写字；(2) 用第三人称和避免各种时态的混用；(3)不宜与他人工作进行对比，除非是在他人工作的基础上发展的，才提及别人的研究工作；(4) 论点必须具体、鲜明，不能笼统；(5)论文必须考虑一些读
5、者得不到原文。4从卵蛋白中分离的 L-天门冬酰胺糖类的质谱分析T.H.Wang, T.F.Chen and D.F.BarofskyDept. of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA摘要用卵蛋白作为起始材料,我们分离和純化了相当量的已知糖肽,把它们作为模型以研究和发展分析这类化合物的质谱过程。在这进程中我们在卵蛋白的 L-天门冬酰胺糖类发现了七个新的化合物。在 KRATOS MS50-TC 质谱仪上得到的正、负快原子轰击质谱图确认找到的色谱峰相当于尚未鉴定的，分子量范围为 1000
6、到 3000 的新化合物。某些未知化合物质谱图中存在的碎片离子峰能根据已知糖基天门冬酰胺结构所建立的离子碎裂谱型予以合理解释。关键词 卵蛋白，L- -天门冬酰胺糖类，正、负快原子轰击，离子碎裂，结构ABSTRACTUsing ovalbumin as a starting material, we have isolated and purified relatively large stocks of known glycopeptides for use as models with which to investigate and develop mass spectrometric p
7、rocedures for the analysis of this class of compounds. In the process, we have discovered six new components in the L-aspartamido carbohydrate fraction of ovalbumin, Positive and negative fast atom bombardment mass spectra, produced on a KRATOS MS50-TC, confirm that the newly found chromatographic p
8、eaks correspond to as yet unidentified compounds in the molecular weight range of 1000-3000. Fragment ion peaks present in the mass spectra of some of the unknown compounds can be rationalized in terms of the fragment ion patterns established from the structures of the known glycopeptides.5蛇毒液中透明质酸酶
9、的 电喷雾质谱测定汪聪慧 I、Supason Pattannargson2 马龙华 John Roboz( Div. of Neoplastic Disease, Dept. of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York10029,VSA, l 公安部物证鉴定中心,100038, 2 Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkom Univ., Bangkok, Thailand )透明质酸酶(hyaluronidase，hyalase)是活体组织和生物体液中一种普遍存在的酶
10、。从不同来源制备的hyalase有不同的作用机理。在蛇毒液中它具有扩散因子的作用，促进毒素扩散到患者的组织中，断裂结缔组织中的葡糖胺聚糖和强化毒素的局部出血作用。有关蛇毒液中hyalase分子量测定的情况很少有介绍。目前仅有五步蛇的hyalase分子量的报导 1，使用凝胶色谱和SDS聚丙烯酷胺凝胶电泳方法测出约3300O Da，和蜥蜴毒液的分子量为63000 Da左右 2。众所周知，ESI方法测定生物大分子的分子量，其精度远远高于SDS PAGE或者GPC方法，前者的质量测定误差在0.010.1%,而后者为110%,即使用MALDl-TOFMS法也只能在0.1%左右。显然，用ESI方法测定蛇毒
11、液中hyalase具有很大的优势，本文首次报导这方面的结果。由于没有已知分子量的hyalase供使用，我们从市售的来自bovine testes和leeches制备的hyalase作为分析的标准物。表1罗列了分析结果，例如bovine testesVIII和lS分别为15588 Da和15583 Da，标准偏差为2.5 Da，用平均偏差表示测定的重复性为0.013%.上述二个hyalase得到了MALDI-TOFMS的辅证，测定的数据分别为15578 Da和615576 Da。同样，leeches的hyalase，其分子量约为2850O Da，这是制造商提供的，而ESIMS测定的数据29035
12、 Da应更为正确。蛇毒液的粗产品用凝胶 HPLC 方法分离，用毛细管电泳技术测定 hyalase 的活性，由此收集所需的馏分，然后用毛细管 HPLC-ESIMS 实现分子量测定。在 black cobra 蛇毒液的凝胶 HPLC 图上，保留时间在 1112 分钟之间的馏分，称以 NO.11，具有 hyalase 活性。该馏分的 HPLC-ESIMS 的 TlC 图上有二个峰，获得的 ESIMS 多电荷谱经转化后，分别为 7114 Da 和 49395 Da 的分子量，前者是属于蛇毒液中存在的低肤物质。因为在有活性的 NO.11 馏分的前后，即 NO.1O 和 NO.12 馏分并无活性;49 K
13、Da 的成分在它们中并未检测到，但 7 KDa 成份均能找到，由此证实 49 KDa 的成份为 hyalase 的分子量。49 KDa 的成份来自于一个有裂分的峰，经过五次重复实验，得到分子量的平均值为49377 Da，测定的重复性为 0.028% 。在 Thai cobra 蛇毒液的凝胶 HPLC 图上，保留时间在 1011 分钟之间的馏分，标以 NO.10 ，同样具有 hyalase 的活性。经 HPLC-ESIMS 分析有三个峰。峰 l(RT 2.2 分钟)的分子量为 6706 Da，峰 2(RT 2.8 分钟)的分子量为 6740 Da，峰 3(RT 4.8 分钟)含有 60265 D
14、a 和 31233 Da 二个组分。峰 3 在图中为主峰，峰 3 中 6O KDa 的组分是主成分。在 C4柱 HPLC 一 ESIMS 的 TIC 图上，峰 3 的跨度为 4.25.2 分钟，在 4.2处仅有 3l KDa 组分，在 5.1处仅有 6O KDa;在凝胶HPLC 图上，在 NO.10 馏分后面的且没有活性的 NO.11 馏分中，并没有检出 6O KDa 的组分，而仅检出 32 KDa 的组分，由此证明，NO.10 馏分中峰 3 的 3l KDa 的组分不应归属于 hyalase。Thai cobra 蛇毒液中 hyalase 的分子量应为 6O Ka。与此同时，用MALDI-T
15、OFMS 获得 60868 Da 的数据也得以辅证。在 ringhals cobra 蛇毒液中也同样获得 NO.11 馏分具有活性。它在 HPLC-ESIMS 图上获 49722 Da 的峰，它代表该蛇毒液中hyalase 的分子量。ELECTROSPRAY MS OF HYALURONIDASE INSNAKE VENOMST.H.WANG, Supason PATTANNARGSON 2, L.H.MA , John ROBOZ(Div. of Neoplastic Disease, Dept. of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Ne
16、w York10029, USA,Inst. of Forensic Science, Muxidi Nanii, Beijing 100038, China72Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok, Thailand)ABSTRACTHyaluronidases (hyalases) from bovine testes and leeches were used as “standard“. The constituents of crude snake venoms-hyalases we
17、re separated by size exclusion HPLC. Molecular masses of hyalases from snake venoms, determined by on-line capillary HPLC-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization, were: Naja melanoleuca (black cobra) 49377 Da, Naja Kaothia(Thai cobra)60265 Da, Sepedon hemachatus (ringhals cobra) 49722 Da. The
18、 mass determinations were repeatable within 0.03%.81.1.2.4 关于“详细摘要”Summary 的内容加上图和/ 或表格。ELECTROSPRAY MS OF HYALURONIDASE IN SNAKE VENOMST.H. WANG1, Supason PATTANNARGSON2, L.H. MA and John ROBOZDiv. of Neoplastic Diseaes, Dept. of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NewYork 10029, USA1 Inst. o
19、f Forensic Science, Muxidi Nanii, Beijing 100038, China2 Dep. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn Univ., Bangkok, ThailandHyaluronidases (hyalase) are ubiquitous enzymes in living tissues and fluids, such assperm, skin, snake venom, heads of leeches, pneumococci, hemolytic streptococci,s
20、taphylococcus aureus, clostridium welchii etc. There are significant variations in the substrate specificity and mechanism of action of hyalase prepared from different sources. It has been suggested that in snake venoms hyalase functions are as a “spreading factor“, facilitating toxin diffusion into
21、 the tissues of the prey by cleaving glycosaminoglycans in the connective tissues, and potentiating the local hemorrhagic effects of toxins.Relatively little is known about the molecular masses of hyalases in snake venoms.The molecular mass of hyalase in five pace snake was reported by Xu et.al. as
22、33 kDa and in lizard venom was reported by Tu et.aU2! as 63 kDa. In these studies gel filtration and SDS PAGE have been used to estimate molecular masses. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, alone and in combination with HPLC has become a major new tool for the determination of the mole
23、cular masses Of biomacromolecules. The mass measuring capability of ESI is order of magnitude better than that of the SDS PAGE or size exclusion HPLC techniques; typically, mass errors with ESI are in the 0.01% to 0.1% range while 1% to 10% 9range for the latter. To our knowledge, the technique has
24、not yet been applied to the determination of the molecular masses of hyalase in snake venoms. In the present study, constituents of crude venoms were separated by size exclusion HPLC, fraction were collected and hyalases activity established. Relative molecular masses of hyalases were determined by
25、on-line capillary HPLC-ESI-MS.Because no hyalase with well established molecular weight is available, commercially available hyalase prepared from bovine testes and leeches were selected as “standard“ for testing the analytical approach. The ESI results and available information ire summarized in Ta
26、ble 1. Repeatability experiments for one of the hylase standards gave resuls within 0.013% error. The molecular masses obtained by ESI for the bovine testes type VIII and S samples were confirmed by TOFMS with MALDI ionization, yielding 15 5 78 Da and 15 576 Da, respectively. As well known, the mass
27、 error with MALDI-TOFMS is greater than 0.1%. The molecular mass of the hyalase sample from leeches, 2903 5 Da, was in agreement with 28500 Da, the molecular weight provided by the supplier (unpublished data).After run HPLC-ESI-MS of fraction No. 11 (i.e. the collection at RT ll-12mm.insize exclusio
28、n HPLC with hyalase activity) of the black cobra venom, the raw ESI spectrum corresponding the main peak in TIC revealed a number of multiply charged ions, whose transformed mass spectrum gave 493 95 Da as the molecular mass of hyalase from black cobra. There was no other peak presented in this frac
29、tion, and those fractions taken at higher and lower RT did not show comparable hyalase activity and did not contain the 49 kDa peak. The determination of the 49377 Da (average molecular mass, n=5 ) was repeatable within 0.028% error. In the case of the. Thai cobra venom, size exclusion HPLC collecti
30、on No. 10 (11-12 min.) was the fraction that showed hyalase activity using th CE test. The TIC monitoring profile of this fraction revealed a broad peak, indicating the potential presence of several constituents. The major components were detected in the transformed spectra, i.e. one at 31 kDa and o
31、ne at 60 kDa. The fraction No. 11 did not show any hyalase activity and revealed only the 32 kDa peak. Accordingly, it was concluded that the molecular mass of hyalase from the Thai cobra venom is 60265 kDa. It was also confirmed by MALDI-TOFMS, yielding 1060868 Da.The situation was similar in the c
32、ase of the ringhals venom. Here the fraction No.11 exhibited hyalase active. Based on the mass spectrometric and chromatographic evidences, it was concluded that the 49 kDa peak, determined by ESI as 49722 Da, represents the molecular mass of hyalase in the ringhals cobra venom.Table1 Molecular weig
33、hts of “standards“ and snake venomsSAMPLE MOLECULAR MASS (Da) REPEATABILITYStandard Found Reference Bovine testes, type VIII 15588 14000 155882.5, n=8Bovine testes, type I-S 15583 14000Bovine testes, type VI-S 31770Leeches 29035 28500Snake VenomBlack cobra 49377 4937716.6, n=5Thai cobra 60265Ringhal
34、s cobra 49722REFERENCES1 X.Xu etal., Toxicon, 20 , 973,19822 A.T.Tu etal., Comp. Biochem. PhysioL, 7 , 377,1983111.1.3 关于 Content正文要求准确、详尽、可重复性。要学会用材料说明自己的观点；要有逻辑性；要用好的词章，即指写作的技巧和修辞，它包括用词和句子，避免枯燥。词章的组织方法：(1)由感性认识到理性认识的规律划分章节。并把多次实践的认识提炼的典型材料和观点分别组织到各个章节中。(2)按认识和实践的循环规律，把每次循环中的感性和理性认识，有层次地、渐进地反映到各个章节
35、中。1.1.3.1 Introduction(1) 硕士学位论文的引言1）说明论文主题和目的；2）说明引起论文写作要求的情况和背景；3）概述达到理想结果的方法。(2) 博士学位论文的引言引言是专门的一章，目的使读者便于阅读全文，领会成果的意义，了解试验采用的方法及论文展开论点的计划。引言包括：1）说明论文主题和目的；2）说明引起论文写作要求的情况；3）研究涉及的界限、规模或范围（探讨什么，不探讨什 么）；4）概念和术语；5）资料来源（如何收集和运用）；6）历史背景和以往有关论著的回顾；7）达到结论所采用的方法；8）简述研究中的发现。9）论文的规划和内容。121.1.3.2 Experiment
36、al (Materials, Equipment, Methods and Process) (1)实验用材料说明来源和质量，即试剂和标样的供应公司及牌号，检材的来源等。(2)实验设备说明设备和/或仪器的公司及牌号，非常见设备或自制的设备用简图或流程图加以说明。(3)实验方法实验条件和各种参数。分析过程，尤其是多种样品的同一种实验过程或是一系列连续的过程。(4)样品制备检材的提取，样品的处理、净化过程。实验细节列入附录。1.1.3.3 Results and Discussion(1)实验数据以表和图的形式表示；(2)逐项探讨实验的结果和具体的判断分析；(3)压缩众所周知的结论，突出新的发现和观点；(4)罗列研究成果，它不能代替结论。1.1.3.4 Conclusion它是总的观点，反映事物内在、有机的联系。建议则是方案。
