1、Research with business students has investigated the relationship between CA and a number of factors. 商业专业学生做了关于沟通焦虑和一些其他因素之间关系的调查。Several studies have explored the link between academic performance and levels of communication anxiety.只有少数学生探究了学业表现和沟通焦虑程度之间的联系。 The findings from these studies have b
2、een inconclusive. 且这些学生的结果具有不确定性。Warnock and Curtis (1997) found no association between OCA and students overall academic results but they did find a significant relationship between levels of CA and participation in tutorials and recruitment success. Wanock 和 Curtis 发现口头沟通焦虑和学生的总体学业结果并无关联,但是他们却发现沟通
3、焦虑程度和教程与招聘成功之间存在重要关系。 Gardner et al (2005) also concluded that on the basis of their findings there was very little evidence of association between levels of oral apprehension and academic performance. Gardner et al (2005) 也在他们的研究发现基础上提出结论:很少有证据能够证明口头焦虑和学业表现之间的关联。 However, the results of a study by
4、Allen and Bourhis (1996) showed that lower academic achievement was related to high levels of CA. 然而,Allen 和 Bourhis (1996) 的研究结果显示:较低的学业成就与高程度的沟通焦虑有关。 Similarly, Arquero et al. (2007) reported a very significant association between academic self-rating and CA. 然而,Allen 和 Bourhis (1996) 的研究结果显示:较低的学
5、业成就与高程度的沟通焦虑有关。 类似的,Arquero et al. (2007)报道对学业的自我评价和沟通焦虑之间有很重要的关系。 Arquero et al. (2007) also found, for the Spanish students, a significant link between prior educational background and OCA, and this was especially evident for the accounting students. 然而,Allen 和 Bourhis (1996) 的研究结果显示:较低的学业成就与高程度的沟
6、通焦虑有关。 类似的,Arquero et al. (2007)报道对学业的自我评价和沟通焦虑之间有很重要的关系。Arquero et al. (2007)也发现,从西班牙学生看出,之前的教育背景与口头沟通焦虑之间存在重大关联,会计专业学生更加明显。There have only been a small number of studies that have explored WCA within the business disciplines. 只有很少的商业学科的学生会探究书面沟通焦虑。Simons et al. (1995) found that business students
7、were less apprehensive about writing than the US national norm of 75.6 (Daly, 1978), but that accounting majors were more apprehensive than other business majors.。Simons et al. (1995)发现商业专业的学生对写作的焦虑低于美国国际基准 75.6 ,但是会计专业比其他商业专业更加焦虑。(Daly, 1978)。In another US study, Faris et al. (1999) also reported t
8、hat accounting majors showed significantly greater WA than non-accounting majors.在美国的另一项研究中,Faris et al. (1999) 也报道说会计专业比非会计专业有更大的WA(WA 是什么?) Similarly in a New Zealand study, Gardner et al. (2005) found that first year accounting students reported much higher levels of WCA than first year business
9、students.类似的,在 新西兰的一项研究中,Gardner et al. (2005)发现入学第一年会计专业的学生比商业专业的学生具有更高程度的书面沟通焦虑。They also found that the WCA scores of senior accounting 他们还发现 毕业班的学生经过最后一年的学习,他们的书面沟通焦虑分数降低了。Surprisingly, Gardner et al (2005) identified, albeit, a small but significant negative correlation between WCA and course g
10、rades. 令人惊讶的是, Gardner et al (2005)确认出书面沟通焦虑和课程成绩之间存在很小但却很显著的负相关关系。The authors offered no real explanation for this unexpected relationship.作者没有对这意想不到的关系提供任何真正的解释。Hassell et al. (2000) showed that prior educational background was significantly correlated with above average levels of WCA for accounti
11、ng and business students. Hassell et al. (2000)表明先前的教育背景与会计专业和商业专业学生高于平均水平的书面沟通焦虑有显著的关系 。In a later study, Arquero et al. (2007) found for both the full samples of Spanish and UK students that the level of WCA was higher for students from a numeric/scientific background than those from a humanities/
12、arts or mixed background. 在随后的一个研究中,Arquero et al. (2007)发现 对于西班牙 和英国的所有样本学生,来自 数字/科学背景的学生比那些来自人文/艺术或混合背景的学生具有更高程度的书面沟通焦虑。This pattern was observed for the UK accounting students but was not replicated with the Spanish accounting students. 英国会计学生被观察到这一模式而不是复制了西班牙会计学生的。In looking at the relationship
13、between OCA and WCA, Simons et al. (1995) observed a moderate-to-high positive correlation between OCA and WCA, which was evident across majors and by gender. 看看口头沟通焦虑和书面沟通焦虑之间的关系,Simons et al. (1995)观察到口头沟通焦虑 和书面沟通焦虑之间一种中等偏高?的正相关关系,在专业和相别上很明显。Likewise, Arquero et al. (2007) found a highly significa
14、nt relationship between oral and written CA. This association was apparent for both the full sample and for the accounting students. 同样地,Arquero et al. (2007)发现口头和书面沟通焦虑间一个非常明显的关系,这一关系在所有样本和会计专业学生上都很明显。Communication apprehension and gender differences沟通焦虑和性别差异Prior research concerning the impact of
15、gender on OCA and WCA has produced conflicting results. 关于性别对口头沟通焦虑和书面沟通焦虑的影响的前期研究产生了相互矛盾的结果。 Some studies (McCroskey, 1984a; Elias, 1999) observed that female students have higher OCA than males whereas other researchers found no gender differences or the opposite results (Daly and Stafford, 1984;
16、Dwyer, 1998). 一些学生(McCroskey, 1984a; Elias, 1999)观察到女学生比男学生有更高的口头沟通焦虑,然而其他研究却发现无性别差异或相反的结果(Daly and Stafford, 1984; Dwyer, 1998)。第五页:商业专业学生做了关于沟通焦虑和一些其他因素之间关系的调查。只有少数学生探究了学业表现和沟通焦虑程度之间的联系。且这些学生的结果具有不确定性。Wanock 和 Curtis 发现口头沟通焦虑和学生的总体学业结果并无关联,但是他们却发现沟通焦虑程度和教程与招聘成功之间存在重要关系。Gardner et al (2005) 也在他们的研究
17、发现基础上提出结论:很少有证据能够证明口头焦虑和学业表现之间的关联。然而,Allen 和 Bourhis (1996) 的研究结果显示:较低的学业成就与高程度的沟通焦虑有关。 类似的,Arquero et al.(2007)报道对学业的自我评价和沟通焦虑之间有很重要的关系。Arquero et al.(2007)也发现,从西班牙学生看出,之前的教育背景与口头沟通焦虑之间存在重大关联,会计专业学生更加明显。只有很少的商业学科的学生会探究书面沟通焦虑。Simons et al. (1995)发现商业专业的学生对写作的焦虑程度低于美国国际基准 75.6 ,但是会计专业比其他商业专业更加焦虑。在美国的
18、另一项研究中,Faris et al. (1999) 也报道说会计专业比非会计专业有更大的 WA(WA 是什么?)类似的,在 新西兰的一项研究中,Gardner et al. (2005)发现入学第一年会计专业的学生比商业专业的学生具有更高程度的书面沟通焦虑。他们还发现毕业班的学生经过最后一年的学习,他们的书面沟通焦虑分数降低了。令人惊讶的是, Gardner et al (2005) 确认出书面沟通 焦虑和课程成绩之间存在很小但却很显著的负相关关系。作者没有对这意想不到的关系提供任何真正的解释。Hassell et al. (2000)表明先前的教育背景与会计专业和商业专业学生高于平均水平的
19、书面沟通焦虑有显著的关系。在随后的一个研究中,Arquero et al.(2007)发现 对于西班牙 和英国的所有样本学生,来自数字/科学背景的学生比那些来自人文/艺术或混合背景的学生具有更高程度的书面沟通焦虑。英国会计学生被观察到这一模式而不是复制了西班牙会计学生的。看看口头沟通焦虑和书面沟通焦虑之间的关系,Simons et al. (1995)观察到口头沟通焦虑和书面沟通焦虑之间一种中等偏高?的正相关关系,在专业和相别上很明显。同样地,Arquero et al. (2007)发现口头和书面沟通焦虑间一个非常明显的关系,这一关系在所有样本和会计专业学生上都很明显。沟通焦虑和性别差异关于性别对口头沟通焦虑和书面沟通焦虑的影响的前期研究产生了相互矛盾的结果。一些学生(McCroskey, 1984a; Elias, 1999)观察到女学生比男学生有更高的口头沟通焦虑,然而其他研究却发现无性别差异或相反的结果(Daly and Stafford, 1984; Dwyer, 1998)。