1、1北京大学 2007 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One: Listening Comprehension 略 Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21_ before
2、 we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.A Had they arrived B Would they arriveC Were they arriving D Were they to arrive22_ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.A He would leave school B He left schoolC He had left school D He has left sc
3、hool23Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _.A to be shown B to have been shownC to have shown D being shown24_ that should be given priority to.A It is the committee has decided B It is only the committ
4、ee has decidedC It is what the committee has decided D It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe _ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.A less local free-spiritedness than B less local free-spiritedness than toC to less local
5、 free-spiritedness than to D less to local free-spiritedness than to226. Over the years, Jimmy Connors _ phenomenal displays of tennis and temperand at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.A has treated spectators with B has treated spectator forC has treated spectators D has treated spe
6、ctators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are _ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports. A as hardly culturally enriching as B as hardly enriching culture asC hardly as culturally enriching as D hardly as cultural enriching as2
7、8. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, _, is money.A as is it across the country B as it is across the countryC as it were across the country D as were it across the country29Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually _.A generate new seeds B new seeds
8、 generatedC generates new seeds D new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _ leagues in virtually every sport.A were home to B was the home of C was home to D was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores have i
9、mproved only _.A marginally B marvelously C martially D markably 32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had _ us accidentally on his way out of the town or if hed been deliberately tasked.Acrashed on Bbumped into Cfallen against Dpuzzled about333. In previous time, when fresh meat was in
10、 short _, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.A storage B reserve C supply D provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reids _ about health problems.A allegiance B alliance C allegations D alliteration35. The organization is
11、sued a cry of alarm last week, citing “_ evidence” that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.A comparing B completing C compelling D composing36. Since no one could _ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.A enco
12、de B decipher C clear D identify37Many Fine Art graduates take _ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.A down B up C out D in38. The statement said
13、the people of Srebrenica _ to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive.A aroused B ascribed C acclaimed D appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then _ with his lecture on the Indian culture.A proceeded B processed C preferred D presented40. Although the f
14、alse banknotes fooled many people, they did not _ close examination.A put up with B keep up with C stand up to D look up toPart Three: Reading Comprehension4I.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages c
15、arefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage One In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilizations every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects
16、can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really” are. Electricity, Bertrand
17、Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Pauls Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such
18、an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe
19、has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because thats where they belong, and smoke goes up because thats where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things hap
20、pen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation. 41. Bertrand Russells notion about electricity is _.A disapproved of by most modern scientistsB in agreement with Aristotles theory of self-evident principlesC in agreement with scienti
21、fic investigation directed toward “how” things happenD in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that _.A there are self-evident principles B there are mysterious forces in the universeC m
22、an cannot discover what forces “really” areD we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means _ .A considered B suspected C expected D engaged in buying and sellingPassage Two5The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important
23、one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The stru
24、cture of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make
25、 such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by fri
26、ends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the deci
27、sion to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a s
28、tatistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vital
29、ity and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because _.A it is essential to personal freedom in American societyB it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC personal health choices help cure most illnesses D wrong decisions could lead to poor health45.
30、Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _.A current medical knowledge is still insufficientB there are many factors influencing our decisions C people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friendsD few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity
31、 of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on _.A personal decisions B societys lawsCfriends opinions D statistical evidence Passage Three6For gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research des
32、igns: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, mi
33、ddle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experi
34、ences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a lon
35、gitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The met
36、hods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared
37、on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be select
38、ed and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time
39、. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approa
40、ch that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?A The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.B The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.C The behavior of
41、a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.D Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means _.7A dependent B consecutive C determined D continual49. Which of the follo
42、wing statements is true?A The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.B The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.C Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.D C
43、ross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that _.A the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves gr
44、oups of subjectsB the former can be free from the influence of social changesC the latter can be free from the influence of social changesD the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the
45、 numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation den
46、ied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever re
47、mind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragi
