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考研英语词汇基础58661.doc

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1、考研英语词汇基础第一节 名词的理解与运用二常用的后缀表示“人”意义的名词后缀-Ant- immigrant(移民) applicant(申请人) assistant(助手)descendant(后代) pollutant(污染物) inhabitant(居民)-An ian-人Arabian(阿拉伯人) Asian(亚洲人) Australian(澳大利亚人)Italian(意大利人) musician(音乐家) librarian(图书管理员)physician(内科医生) politician(政治家) technician(技术工)historian(历史学家) magician(魔术师

2、) comedian(喜剧家)-Ee-人(被动)employee(雇员) refugee(难民) payee(收款人)absentee(缺席者) examinee(考生) trainee(受训者)-Er/-eer/-or 人 Daughter/owner, lawyer, trainer(教练) barber(理发师)butcher(屠户) carrier(运输者) /ancestor(祖先)bachelor(单身汉) conductor(指挥者) director(主任)senator(议员) operator(操作者) sponsor(赞助者)worshipper(崇拜者) mountai

3、neer(登山人) profiteer(投机倒把者)sightseers(观光者) volunteer(志愿者) pioneer(先驱)-Ent 人 correspondent(记者) client(客户) parent, resident(居民)patient(病人) agent(代理人,中介) patent(专利)-ist 人,主义者 Scientist linguist(语言学家) therapist(治疗家)controversialist(好争论者) activist(活动家) novelist(小说家)nationalist(民族主义者) physicist(物理学家) psych

4、ologist(心理学家)tourist(游客) geneticist(基因学家) motorist(汽车司机)表示“关系、特征”等意义的名词后缀-ship 状态,性质 friendship(友谊) hardship(困境) leadership(领导身份)membership(会员资格) ownership(所有关系) relationship(关系)scholarship(学者身份) comradeship(同志身份) professorship(教授身份)-hood 身份,性质,时代 childhood(儿童时代) neighborhood(邻里) likelihood(可能性)live

5、lihood(生计) boyhood(男孩时代) -ance / -ence 性质,状态 acceptance acquaintance(熟识) advance(进步)allowance(补贴) appearance(出现,外表) appliance(器具)conscience(良知) resistance(阻挡) insurance(保险)nuisance(讨厌) performance(表现) resemblance(相似性)-cion -sion tion 动作,状态 consumption(消费) assimilation(吸收、同化) comprehension(理解)depress

6、ion(沮丧,萧条) desperation(绝望) invention(发明)invasion(侵略) modernization(现代化) permission(容许)possession(拥有) suspicion(怀疑) tension(紧张) transmission(输送,传递) industrialization(工业化) notification(通知)-ism- 主义 Americanism(美国主义)heroism(英雄主义) consumerism-mania- 反常行为或狂热 soccer mania=soccer-mad-holic-痴迷者,疯狂者 workaholi

7、c(工作狂)-ment 运动 agreement(协议) appointment(约定,任命) argument(观点)arrangement(安排) monument(纪念碑) movement(运动) parliament(议会) payment(支付) replacement(替换)requirement(要求) settlement(解决) treatment(治疗,待遇)-ness 性质, 状态 casualness(随意) illness(疾病) carelessness(粗心)sleeplessness(失眠) awareness(意识) richness(富裕)friendli

8、ness(友好) greatness(伟大) happiness-cide suicide(自杀) insecticide(杀虫剂) pesticide(杀虫剂)-cy- literacy(识字) accuracy(准确性) tendency(倾向)policy(政策 ) emergency(紧急情况) intimacy(亲密)efficiency(效率) sufficiency(足够) dependency(依赖)-Ery- fishery(渔业) machinery(机械) misery(痛苦)mystery(神秘性 ) discovery(发现) delivery(送,发表演说) 。-r

9、y- poetry(诗歌) citizenry(公民) entry(加入,进入)-age 状态,集合 表示行为、状态 voyage(航海) advantage(好处) baggage(行李)courage(勇气) garbage(垃圾) storage(储存)luggage(行李) beverage(饮料) damage(破坏,损害)-al -approval(赞成、批准) arrival(到达) interval(间隔) removal(搬,移走)-ing-行动,行业,的 being(生命体) beginning(开始) ending(结束)。-ity- uniformity(统一, 一致)

10、 curiosity(好奇性) personality(个性)reality(现实) publicity(宣传) similarity(个性)-ics /-ology 学科 psychology(心理学) technology(技术) ideology(思想体系)anthropology(人类学) geology(地质学) physics(物理学)-th-结果,过程 warmth(温暖) truth(真理,真实性) width(宽度)-ty - liberty(自由) specialty(专长,特长) anxiety(焦虑)advisability(可行性) unpredictability(

11、不可预测性) -phobia- 对过度恐惧 claustrophobia(幽闭恐怖症)英语中有少数名词的单、复数形式在词义方面相当不同或绝对不同。例如:Last night, I had words with Mr. Bob, the group leader, for a long time. We had very good words. In shorts, I was touched by his confidences and I was very satisfied with the last words said by Mr. Bob about the possibility

12、of our project. 类似的词还有:affairs (事物,事情), airs(气氛), arms(武器), ages(很长一段时间), authorities(当局,政府), brains(智力) , clothes, celebrities( 名人), customs(海关), drinks( 饮料), experiences(经历), goods, greens(绿叶,植物), grounds(理由) , lessons(教训), manners(礼貌,规矩,风格), means(方法,手段), minutes(会议记录), news, pains(努力,辛苦) , peopl

13、es(种族,民族), papers(报纸、考卷、论文、文件), quarters(住所,住处), sands(沙滩), spirits(情绪), sights(景观), times, terms(条件、术语), works (作品) 。名词中还有些仅以复数形式出现,如:spectacles (眼镜) ,trousers(裤子) ,findings(调查结果), savings(储金), belongings(所有物,财产) , surroundings(环境) ,teachings(教导 ), earnings(薪水) ,remains(遗物), thanks(感谢),regards (问候)

14、 。三主题名词的重复、指代和替换Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting (禁止)the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic(烈性)drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards(危险)of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than

15、 the hazards of smoking too many cigarettes. All right then, lets pass a law closing the liquor stores and bars in this country. Lets put an end forever to the dangerous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans now suffer - alcoholism(酗酒). 五名词中同义词和近形词1表示“能力”意思的词语:Ability, capability, compe

16、tency, faculty, capacity, gift, talent2表示“目的、目标”意思的词语:Aim, purpose, aim, intent, intention, goal, objective, end.3表示“关系、联系”意思的词语:Ties, bonds, connection, association, relations, combination, relationship, interrelations, relevance, interrelations.4表示“差别”意思的词语:Difference, distinction, differentiation

17、 5表示“资本、资金”意思的词语:Capital, fund, money, 6表示“个人”意思的词语:Person, people, folks, individuals7表示“意义、含义”意思的词语:Meaning, significance, implication, connotation,8表示“部分、成分”意思的词语:Part, element, ingredient, component, factor, section, fragment9表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语:Inequality, bias, prejudice, discrimination10表示“对手、支持者

18、”意思的词语:Opponent, rivals, enemy, proponent, advocates11表示“商品”意思的词语:Commodity, goods, 12表示“将来”意思的词语:Future, prospect, 13表示“理由”意思的词语:Reason, ground, cause.14表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语:Offspring, descendant, posterity, children15表示“错误”意思的词语:Blunder, error, mistake, fault。16表示“基础”意思的词语:Basis, foundation, ground。17表示

19、“会议”意思的词语:Assembly, conference, congress, seminar, session, summit, symposium, meeting, gathering, party。18字形相似的词:welfare(福利), warfare(战争), farewell (告别)19字形相似的词:attitude(态度) , altitude(海拔,高度), magnitude(数量), multitude(多数), aptitude(天资,天赋), latitude(纬度, 地区 , gratitude(感谢)20字形相似的词:convention( 习俗,传统),

20、 conversion(变化,转换), conviction(坚定的信念或看法), conservation(保存,保持) , conversation(交谈)六名词与介词的搭配1. He gained advantage over other boys. / take advantage of the opportunity./Whats your impression of her? / His speech made an impression on the audience. /There is a great need for international understanding.

21、 / in need of something. /He has a preference for (喜欢 )foreign movies. /I should choose tea in preference to coffee. I have made a search for the missing paper. We are still in search of the missing boy./I have got confidence _ you. I am confident _ your success in English exams.She took great pride

22、 _ her unique beauty. /She is proud _ her own beauty. He prides himself _ his independent voice. Comprehension Exercise 1. The improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments2. The notion of not discriminating on the basis of inborn talent3. A study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Em

23、ory University in Atlanta, Georgia4. The selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual 5. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water_.第二节 动词的理解与运用一 动词的分类及用法根据意义和句法功能,动词可分类为:实义动词,系动词,情态动词,助动词。实义动词指有实在

24、的意义,能独立做谓语的动词,如 mean, study, love 等。系动词是联系主语和表语,说明其关系并与表语一起构成名词性复合谓语的动词。除 be 之外主要的系动词还有:remain, stay, keep(保持) ;become, get, go, grow, turn, come,( 变得) ;look, sound, seem, taste, smell, feel, hold。情态动词有一定的意义但不完整,仅表示说话人之“情态” ,和原形动词构成动词性复合谓语。Can/could; may/ might; must/ ought to/ need; dare; shall/wil

25、l; should/would; 助动词 be, have, do 无实在意义,只帮助中心动词构成不同的时态、语态、语气等。短语动词主要有以下几种构成方式:不及物动词+副词,如:stay up(熬夜), look out(小心) , break out(爆发), go up(上升,爆炸), take after(像) , die out(灭绝,消亡), set out(出发).不及物动词+介词,如:break into(闯入), go after(追求) , go through(经历), pass on(传递), run into (碰上), sit for(参与), stand for(代

26、表).及物动词+副词, 如:give up, see off, show around, hand over, put off, pick up不及物动词+副词+ 介词,如:put up with, stand up to, do away with, fall back on, live up to.及物动词+名词+ 介词, 如:make fun of, take care of, pay attention to, catch sight of.动词+动词+介词, 如:make do with(将就用), let go of(置之不理)动词阅读练习(注意动词短语的搭配 )1. This t

27、urned shopping into a public and democratic act. 这样一来,购物就成了公众的一项民主活动。2. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.美国人不再把繁荣看成是理所当然的事。3. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.一般情况下,这些猴子很乐意用石块来换黄瓜片。4. Straitford president George Friedman says he

28、 sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream.Straitford 公司的总裁 George Friedman 说,他把在线世界看作是一种信息收集和发布的互动工具,是间谍头子的理想世界。5. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish “the worst sort of

29、ambulance-cashing.” Question: Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence?A He thinks highly of the work of consultants. B The consultants are offering considerable help in money matters.C The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothing.D The consultants are dealing with emer

30、gencies.他对重组顾问们做的大量工作不屑一顾,因为那些完全是垃圾典型的“劳而无获” 。6. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. NBAC 委员们表示:他们将呼吁由私人赞助的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核移植技术来克隆人。7. I have been transformed from a passionate advoc

31、ate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.我已从一个“获得(拥有)一切”哲学(琳达凯茜过去七年中在她这本杂志所宣扬的)的积极倡导者,变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人。8. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasi

32、s on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test-taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.Question: Which of the following statements is True according to the sentence?A Foreigners put emphasis on the basics. B Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learn

33、ing as well as creativity.C More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.D Test-taking is more important than self-expression. 尽管日本因强调基础知识而受到外国人的称赞,但是其教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视了创造性及表现个性。9. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel

34、s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. 但科学可以为

35、我们提供面向未来的最好的指引,我国和全世界都要根据科学对于我们目前行动给未来造成的影响所做的最佳判断来制定重要政策,这是十分重要的。Question: According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as _.A a protector B a judge C a critic D a guide10. The report identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that m

36、ay prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. Question: According to the report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is _.A prolonged medical procedures B inadequate treatment of painC systematic drug abuse D insufficient hospital care二英语中的名词和动词是同一词形

37、的单词及某些名词去掉后缀变动词 account (for)解释 advocate(倡导者) decline(下降,衰退) control(控制)view(观点,看法)desire(理想) exchange(交换) fear(畏惧)end(目的) cause(事业) guide(领导者) base(基础)value(价值) place(放) hand(交) preserve(专利)stem(来自) class(种类,分类) force(力量) note(注意到)play(戏剧) share(一份) cost(代价) half(是一半)record(记录) return(回报) trap(陷、卡住

38、) hook(钩住)key in(嵌入) post(刊登) match(匹配) arm(武装)conversation- converse(交谈) computer(计算机) computeresident reside(居住) president - preside over(主持)chairman - chair(主持) excellent-excel(擅长)三常用的动词同义词归纳1表示“导致”意思的词语:Lead to, give rise to, give birth to, contribute to, cause to, result in, result from, 2表示“面对

39、、偶遇”意思的词语:Confront, be confronted with, face, be faced with, meet with, encounter, 3表示“集中于”意思的词语:Center on, focus on, concentrate on4表示“对付、处理”意思的词语:Deal with, cope with, handle, tackle5表示“消失”意思的词语:Disappear, vanish, perish6表示“减少、增加”意思的词语:Diminish, lessen, decrease, drop, reduce, fall, /accumulate, i

40、ncrease, rise, soar, rocket7表示“依靠、依赖”意思的词语:Rely on(upon), depend on(upon), count on(upon), rest on(upon)8表示“变化”意思的词语:Change, turn, vary/range, alter, transform, shift, 9表示“指控”意思的词语:Charge with, accuse of, sue for10表示“克服、战胜”意思的词语:Overcome, conquer, defeat, 11表示“获得、得到”意思的词语:Achieve, obtain, get, accom

41、plish, earn, attain, secure, acquire, gain12表示“抓住”意思的词语:Catch, seize, capture, catch hold of, grab13表示“限制”意思的词语:Limit, confine, restrict14表示“强迫”意思的词语:compel, constrain, force, oblige15表示“责怪”意思的词语:blame, condemn, reproach, scold16表示“困惑、迷惑”意思的词语:bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass, perplex17表示“赞扬、称赞”

42、意思的词语:applaud, clap, commend, praise18表示“扩大、加强”意思的词语:amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand19表示“声称”意思的词语:affirm, assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim20表示“调整、改变”意思的词语:adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify, transform, vary。四动词后缀 -en-, -em 使成为 enable(使能够) encourag

43、e(鼓励) enforce(实施) enlarge(扩大)entitle(有权利做) empower(授权) endanger(危害) enjoy(喜欢)enrich(变富,使丰富) ensure(确保) enact(执行) enclose(密封、关)encounter(遭遇) engage(从事、忙于) enhance(促进) enlighten(启发)embarrass(使尴尬) enlist(招收) enroll(登记、招收) embark(开始) -en 做,使变成 fasten(系好) harden(使坚固) lengthen(加长) threaten(威胁)loosen(放松,松弛

44、) widen(拓宽) weaken(削弱) strengthen(加强)hasten(急忙,赶快) shorten(缩短) brighten broaden -ify 化,使成为,变成 beautify(美化) intensify(加剧) horrify(使恐怖) clarify(澄清)identify(辨认,识别) justify(认为合理) specify(指定 ,详述) solidify(巩固)purify(洁净,净化) qualify(胜任, 有资格)classify exemplify -ize 化,照样子做 apologize(道歉) maximize(最大化) organize

45、(组织) utilize(使用)mobilize(动员) criticize(批评) publicize(宣传) visualize(想象)democratize(民主化) characterize(概括) specialize(专攻) realize(实现)industrialize(工业化) revolutionize(彻底改革) recognize(认出) civilize(使文明)第三节 形容词的理解与运用一形容词的要点形容词: 1)形容词的认知能力和辨别能力; 2)词形及词义相近的形容词的区分;)形容词和介词的搭配。1. 词形相近的形容词。如:sensible, sensitive,

46、 sensational; respectable, respectful, respective2. 同义词和反义词。如 wonderful 的同义词有:marvelous, excellent, extraordinary(不寻常的), remarkable(非凡的)等。如 generous 的反义词有 mean, stingy, selfish 等。 3. 形容词和动词的转换。如:indicate - be indicative of(说明); support-be supportive of, receive -be receptive to(乐于接受的); inquire - be

47、inquisitive about(咨询的)等。 4. 名词和形容词的转换。如: defect -defective(有缺陷的), intention - intentional 等。5. 以 -ly 结尾的单词的词性。 名词加 -ly 多构成形容词。如:friendly, likely, sunny, womanly, worldly 等。 6. 不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化形式。如:原级 比较级 最高级 bad worse worst good better best, little, less (lesser) least, far farther(further) farthes

48、t (furthest) 7. 含有绝对概念或无最高级的词: most, uttermost, foremost, least, first, last, all, every, any, each, none, absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete(ly), certainly, sure(ly), necessary, essential, indispensable8. 表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief,minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite, ultimate, final, just, very9. 唯一性 only, sole(ly), unique(ly), exclusive(ly), mere(ly), simply, alone二副词的用法: 1) 修饰形容词:The flower is very be

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