1、专题十四 语义猜测,高考英语 (江苏省专用),A组 自主命题江苏卷题组 Passage 1(2018江苏,B)词数:322 In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new stan- dard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze
2、 as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visu- al hints that influence what we eat:diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面 食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cak
3、e was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had:those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wisert
4、hey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.,五年高考,Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encour- age customers to stay and order t
5、hat extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect:diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Me
6、anwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad”tables, crowding, high pricesdont necessarily. Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door, sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about badtables,”gi
7、ven that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And dou- bling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.,1.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 mo
8、st probably implies that the cus- tomers were . A.not aware of eating more than usual B.not willing to share food with others C.not conscious of the food quality D.not fond of the food provided 2.How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A.Playing classical music. B.Introducing lemon scent. C.M
9、aking the light brighter. D.Using plates of larger size. 3.What does the last paragraph talk about? A.Tips to attract more customers. B.Problems restaurants are faced with. C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation. D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.,答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。现在大量的研究发现颜色的搭配、光线、音乐、气
10、味都会 影响顾客在餐馆的消费。 1.A 语义猜测题。画线短语前提到“在光线暗的地方吃饭,顾客无法判断已经吃了多少东 西。被给了超大份食物的顾客会比其他人吃得多”, 画线短语后提到“他们并没有感觉到吃 得更饱”,再根据连词but的提示可推断,画线短语的意思为“没有意识到比平常吃得更多”, 故选A项。 2.A 推理判断题。根据题干中的a fine dining shop直接定位到第四段第二句(和快餐店不同, 好的饭店更愿意顾客能待久一些并进行消费),然后根据第三句可知,鼓励顾客留下来多点餐 的方法之一是播放莫扎特的音乐。由此推断,好的饭店通过播放经典音乐使顾客留下来多点 餐,从而赚取更多利润,故选
11、A项。 3.D 主旨大意题。根据段落主题句确定段落主旨是最常用的方法。分析最后一段可知,本段 第一句是本段主题句(同时,你可能以为会导致顾客减少消费的一些因素不好的餐桌位 置、拥挤的环境和价格高都未必是对的),由此确定答案为D项。,长难句 原句:As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, sug- gesting great food at fair prices. 分析:本句的主干为a Hong Kong study found that.。句中that引导宾语从句,
12、现在分词短语sug- gesting.作伴随状语。 译文:至于说顾客多,香港的一项研究发现顾客多能够提升一家餐馆的声誉,说明这家餐馆的饭 菜价格合理,食物品质好。 重点词汇 establish vt.使被接受 instructive adj.有教育意义的,有启发性的 discourage vt.使 灰心,使气馁,阻止 词汇积累 generate vt.产生,创造 profitable adj.可赚钱的 Passage 2(2017江苏,D)词数:690 Old Problem, New Approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in
13、our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we,would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation. When it
14、 comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of condi- tions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no one-size fi
15、ts all adaptation.”Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost. Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where
16、others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But
17、 he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.,Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is kno
18、wn as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed.
19、 He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irri- gation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing pr
20、ocess, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting. Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhous
21、es(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhous- es have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings,white, cities
22、 may slow down the warming process. In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflective- ness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from
23、clear. But the World Bank has in- cluded the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”. More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past
24、 decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like thiseither by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries a
25、rgue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual. Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is s
26、urely to adapt our energy systems to emit less,carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others. 1.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies . A.adaptation is an ever-changing process B.the cost of adaptation varies with time C.global warming a
27、ffects adaptation forms D.adaptation to climate change is challenging 2.What is special with regard to Rezwans project? A.The project receives government support. B.Different organizations work with each other. C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation. D.The project connects flooded road
28、s and highways. 3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming? A.Storing ice for future use.,B.Protecting the glaciers from melting. C.Changing the irrigation time. D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers. 4.What do we learn from the Peru example? A.White paint is usually safe fo
29、r buildings. B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped. C.This country is heating up too quickly. D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming. 5.According to the author, polluting industries should . A.adapt to carbon pollution B.plant highly profitable crops C.leave carbon emission alone D.
30、fight against carbon pollution,6.Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming? A.Setting up a new standard. B.Reducing carbon emission. C.Adapting to climate change. D.Monitoring polluting industries. 答案 语篇解读 本文为议论文,题材为环境问题类。话题为“老问题,新方法”适应我们所 面临的严峻的气候环境,而且要意识到环境的改变和适应环境是一个过程。 1.A 语义猜测题。根据第
31、二段主题句 When it comes to adaptation,it is important to understand that climate change is a process. 可知气候的改变是一个不断变化的过程。再结合后面几段给 出的事例可知,适应也是一个不断变化的过程,由此可推断出画线部分意为adaptation is an ever -changing process,故答案为A项。 2.C 推理判断题。根据第三段第三句Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.及后面的描述可知他的非营利
32、组织在充分利用糟糕的环境,故正确答案为C项。 本题干扰项为D项,由第三段第五句Rezwan is creating floating connectivity to replace flooded roads and highways.可知D项错误。,3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段第六句He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.可知A项正确。 4.D 推理判断题。根据第六段首句In Peru, local farmers around a mo
33、untain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice.可推断出答案为D。 5.D 观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中的When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control c
34、arbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.可推知D项为正确答案。 6.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.可知最明智的适应应该是改变我们的能 量体系以减少碳排放污染,故B项正确。 长难句 原句:When
35、 the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pol- lution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as Usual.,分析:本句为复合句。when引导的时间状语从句中,that引导的宾语从句作动词argue的宾语;it s a nonsense.为主句,其中designed为过去分词作后置定语修饰名词nonsense。 译文:当污染企业辩解说我们
36、已经在控制碳污染的战斗中失败并且别无选择只好适应它时,这 是惯用的为了商业利益而设计好的胡说八道的伎俩。 重点词汇 adaptation n.适应 adapt to适应 fundamental adj.基本的,根本的 Passage 3(2014江苏,B)词数:399 However wealthy we may be,we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want. Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity co
37、st,which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else. Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be do- ing another,or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has a different opportunity cost nam
38、ely,what they cost us in missed opportunities. Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple,of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not,you might reason,watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friend
39、s?Thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity cost. For economists,every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgoin terms of money and enjoymentin order to take it up.By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to m
40、ake better-informed,more reasonable decisions.Con- sider that most famous economic rule of all:theres no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free,the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities. Some peo
41、ple find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging:imagine spending your en- tire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more prof- itable or enjoyable.Yet,in a sense its human nature to do precisely thatwe assess the advantages and disadvantages
42、 of decisions all the time. In the business world,a popular phrase is “value for money.”People want their cash to go as far,as possible.However,another is fast obtaining an advantage:“value for time.”The biggest restric- tion on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something,so we l
43、ook to maximize the return we get on our investment of time.By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities,such as sleeping and eating.In return,howev- er,this passage will help you to think like an economist,closely considering the opportu
44、nity cost of each of your decisions. 1.According to the passage,the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to . A.making more money B.taking more opportunities C.reducing missed opportunities D.weighing the choice of opportunities 2.The “leftover.time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time .
45、A.spared for watching the match at home B.taken to have dinner with friends,C.spent on the way to and from the match D.saved from not going to watch the match 3.What are forgone opportunities? A.Opportunities you forget in decision-making. B.Opportunities you give up for better ones. C.Opportunities
46、 you miss accidentally. D.Opportunities you make up for. 答案 语篇解读 本文属于说明文,题材为技巧指导。文章主要介绍了如何更好地支配自己的时 间和金钱,以及如何在作决定时考虑花费的机会成本。 1.D 推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句Thisthe alternative use of your cash and time is the opportunity cost.可知,opportunity cost的意思就是对你金钱和时间的其他用法。由此可 推断opportunity cost和“对机会选择的权衡”有关。故选D项。 2.C 语
47、义猜测题。上文提到你打算去体育场观看一场足球比赛,但门票太昂贵,而且从家到 体育场的往返时间要花费几个小时。然后提到“为什么不在家里看比赛,而把剩余的金钱和 时间用来和朋友共进晚餐呢?”由此可推断“leftover.time”指的就是从家到体育场的往返 时间。故选C项。,3.B 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句.the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.可知,即使有人带你出去享用免费的午餐,而从 forgone opportunitie
48、s的角度来看你却要付出花费时间的代价。再结合第二句By knowing pre- cisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better- informed,more reasonable decisions.可知,通过准确了解你会得到什么和你会错失什么获利的 机会,你应该能够作出更明智的选择。由此可推断forgone opportunities指的就是那些为了获 得更好的机会而放弃的机会。故选B项。 高级语块 1.miss out on 错过失去的好机会
49、 2.in terms of 就而言,在方面 3.in a sense从某种意义上说 长难句 The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to some-,thing,so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. 我们资源上最大的限 制是我们可以投入在某事上的时间,因此我们期盼我们能从时间投资上得到最大的回报。 整个句子是so连接的并列句。前一分句中we can devote to someth
50、ing为定语从句,修饰hours。 后一分句中we get on our investment of time也是定语从句,修饰the return。,B组 统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组 Unit 1 Passage 1(2018课标全国,C)词数:294 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hun
51、ter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards, many of those peo
52、ple started settling down to become farmers, and their lan- guages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.,
