1、1. The war (World War II) also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. 二战也显示了地方对公路进行控制已经导致了设计标准的多样化，这种多样化让人费解。2. It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system.还得再打一场战争联邦政府才会对全国的公路系统进行治理。3. By opening
2、 the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all
3、, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most personal freedom of mobility.条条公路打开了北美大陆，使得美国偏远地方和乡村的人能享受到消费产品和服务，刺激了郊区的发展，在就业、享受文化活动、医疗以及其他诸多利益方面给人们提供了更多的选择。最重要的是，州际公路给人们提供了他们最珍视的个人随便移动的自由。4. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shippin
4、g routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centres.美国州际公路不仅提供了多条货运路线，影响了美国的经济，带动了边缘产业的发展，比如说服务站、汽车旅馆、饭店以及购物中心。定语从句。省略 when5. The year construction began he (Eisenhower) said: “Together, the united forces of our communication and
5、 transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear - United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts.”工程开始的那年他（森豪维尔）说：“我们通信和交通两大系统联合起来就是我们所拥有的名字美国的动力的因素。”没有它们我们只不过是分离开来的部分组成的联盟罢了。6. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications
6、 media has found that people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded - and can come back to haunt (困扰) you - appears to be the key to the finding.第一项比较一系列传媒的诚实程度的研究发现人们打电话交谈时撒谎的可能性是他们用电子邮件的两倍。电子邮件会被自动记录下来以后还会再困扰你这看似是
7、这一发现的答案。7. His results, to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment of emailing would make it e
8、asier to lie.他的结果将要在奥地利维也纳举办的人机交互会议上呈送，已经让许多心理学家感到颇为惊讶。有些（心理学家）原以为用 email 交谈的人是最大的撒谎者，其理由是欺骗让人感觉不舒服，发 email 彼此远离可能使得撒谎容易些。8. People are also more likely to lie in real time - in an instant message or phone call, say - than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock.人们也在实时中比如在即时信息或电话比他们如果
9、有时间思考如何回答更可能撒谎。9. On Dec. 11, 2001, as part of the effort to increase homeland security, federal and local authorities in 14 states staged “Operation Safe Travel” - raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification (身份证明). In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests. But those captured wer
10、e anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.2001 年 12 月 11 日，作为增强国土安全的行动的一部分，联邦和 14 个州的地方当局展开了“安全之旅行动”突袭了机场逮捕了持假身份证明的许多员工。在盐湖城就有 69 个人被捕。但是那些被抓的决不是恐怖分子，大多数是从中美和南美来的非法移民。省略10. The point in that cycle (light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep) at which you wa
11、ke can affect how you feel later, and may even have a greater impact than how much or little you have slept. 你醒来的那个循环点（轻睡、熟睡、REM 睡）会影响你之后的感觉，其影响甚至比你睡觉的长短还大。11. This measures the electrical activity of the wearers brain, in much the same way as some machines used for medical and research purposes and
12、 communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. 这（仪器）可以测携带者大脑的电流活动，其方式与一些用于医学和科研目的的机器一样，并与床边的一个时钟无线交换信息。12. “As sleep-deprived people ourselves, we started thinking of what to do about it,” says Eric Shashoua, a recent college graduate and now chief executive officer of Axon Sleep Research
13、Laboratories, a company created by the students to develop their idea.“（由于）自身睡眠不好，我们就开始思考怎么来解决这个问题，” Eric Shashoua 说。Eric Shashoua 刚大学毕业，现在是 Axon 睡眠研究实验室的首席执行官。 Axon 睡眠研究实验室是一家由这些学生创办的公司来开发他们的想法。13. But, its become the talk of Singapore, with questions and concerns about the state of student-teacher
14、 relations in the education system there coming out. 但是，这成了新加坡举国的谈资，人们对新加坡教育制度中的师生关系状况表现出来种种质疑和关注。难点： with questions and concerns about the state of student-teacher relations in the education system there coming out. With + 宾语宾补 红线为宾语。14. But the outcry over the teachers behaviour was not the result
15、 of complaints by the poor student. Nor did it come from some news account. 对该教师的行为的大声疾呼并不是那位可怜学生投诉的结果，也不是来自于某个新闻报道。难点：三个名词：the outcry over ; complaints; news account15. “Mobloggers” develop public digital journals on websites, similar to weblogs. But, instead of recording in text, they snap picture
16、s with a cell phone or handheld computer, wherever they see something interesting taking place. And with wireless capabilities supported by the telecom firms, the digital images can be published instantly and shared with others on line. 手机博客在网站上创建公共电子日记，和网络日记相似。但是，他们不是用文本记录，而是不管在哪儿看见有趣的事情发生，就用手机或者掌上
17、电脑照下来。有了电信公司所支持的无线传输能力，这些数字图象可以立即发到网上与别人分享。难点：wherever they see something interesting taking place. 让步状语语从句。with wireless capabilities supported by the telecom firms with + 宾语16. For all the possibilities the technology may bring, however, there are plenty of problems. 尽管科技可以带来种种可能，然而也有许多问题。难点：for a
18、ll 表让步17. When antivirus companies post on their websites a new warning of a fresh menace, the author is thrilled like getting a great book review. 当反病毒公司在他们的网站上贴新威胁的新警告，病毒编写者就激动得象收到很好得书评一样。18. The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S. society in many ways.妇女涌入职
19、场促进了经济的增长也在许多方面改变了美国社会。难点：抽象名词的复杂结构 the flood + noun 1 + into + noun 2 “名 1 涌入名 2” 这种结构较多，相似的还有：the difference of (between) noun 1 and noun 2 the ability of A to do B the comparison between A and B 19. Many in-home jobs that used to be done primarily by women - ranging from family shopping to prepar
20、ing meals to doing voluntary work - still need to be done by someone. Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a situation that has changed the target market for many products. Or a working woman may face a crushing “poverty of time” and look for help elsewhere, creating opportunities for pr
21、oducers of frozen meals, child care centres, dry cleaners, financial services and the like. 许多以前主要是妇女做的家务活从家庭购物道准备饭菜到做义务工作仍然需要有人来做。丈夫们和孩子们现在做一些这样的活，这种情况已经改变了许多产品的目标市场。或者工作的妇女就会面临时间紧缺到处寻求帮助，这就位许多冷冻饮食生产商、孩童托管中心、干洗店、金融服务等等提供了许多机会。难点：a situation that has changed the target market for many products. 名词作状
22、语，对前句进一步说明。creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals, child care centres, dry cleaners, financial services and the like 现在分词作结果状语。20. Although there is still a big wage gap between men and women, the income working women generate gives them new independence and buying power. 尽管男女之间的工资差距仍然
23、很大，职场妇女拿到的薪水给她们带来了新的自立和购买力。难点：the income working women generate gives them new independence and buying power. 学会断句，画横线的是定从。英语复杂句较多，要弄清分局之间的关系，要领在于谓语。识别出谓语，就识别出来分句。因为每个分句都有一个谓语。所谓谓语就是有时态的动词。21. Perhaps it was the extreme contrast with Japanese society that prompted American firms to pay more attentio
24、n to women buyers.强调句。也许正是与日本社会的极大的对比使得美国公司更加主义妇女购物者。22. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. 难点：该句是个倒装句。分词在句首的倒装句较为常见。这样安排，可以在语篇上和上句保持衔接。当然也可以巧妙的安排下句。比如该句后就有一个非限制定从。在北美人气达到新高峰的是冰山水，是从加拿大纽芬兰海岸的冰山上获
25、取的。22. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. 在北美人气达到新高峰的是冰山水，是从加拿大纽芬兰海岸的冰山上获取的。难点：该句是个倒装句。分词在句首的倒装句较为常见。这样安排，可以在语篇上和上句保持衔接。当然也可以巧妙的安排下句。比如该句后就有一个非限制定从。可以试着写写这样的句子，很好玩的。23. But is plain tap water all
26、 that bad? Not at all. In fact, New Yorks municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.但是自来水就那么差吗？实际上，纽约市的水在一个多世纪来被称之为是自来水的香槟，就是到最近也被认为是世界24. Similarly, a magazine in England
27、found that tap water form Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive. 同样，英国的一本杂志发现来自泰晤士河的自来水尝起来比几大领先品牌的瓶装水还要好，而这些瓶装水的价格则是自来水的 400 倍。25. Nevertheless, soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for market share - t
28、his despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water: Pepsicos Aquafina and Coca-Colas Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water. 然而，软饮料公司把瓶装水视作市场份额的下一个战场，尽管 25的瓶装水来自于自来水：百事可乐的 Aquafina 和可口可乐 Dasani 都是净化了的自来水而不是泉水。难点：view as ; despite + noun + 同位语从句（该句型可以
29、在写作中发挥其作用）26. According to an article in The Wall Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it. 根据华尔街周刊上的一篇文章，一
30、些无耻的营销技巧有：把引人注意的瓶子放在桌子上在视觉上吸引人购买；把瓶装水的品牌列在菜单上而不标价格，不问就餐者原不愿意就给人家倒瓶装水。难点：include 后加了三个动名词短语做宾语。是 “三”结构：即“A, B, and C 型结构”。这种结构在长句中使用很多，也很广泛。其中 A B C 可以是谓语动词，可以是名词宾语，可以是不定式，可以是动名词做并语。一般位于句末，称之为“ 尾重”。27. Regardless of how it is sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better healt
31、h, our wishes to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity. 撇开瓶装水的销售方式，这种水之所以受大众喜欢是利用了我们渴望更好的健康的心理，想表现得有教养些的愿望，甚至对失去的纯净的一种向往。难点：该句也是一个“三” 结构，用的是名词短语做宾语。写作时可以模仿。 28. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease - esp
32、ecially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviours, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. 正如我们已经看到的，我们社会的医疗的核心已经从疾病治疗开始转向疾病预防特别是在改变我们的许多不健康的行为方面，比如不好的饮食习惯，吸烟，缺乏锻炼。在该转变中涉及到的这个思路可以进一步探索一下。29. The field o
33、f medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the bodys special needs. Both types have simply been called “well”.难点：词组 distinguish between A and BA、 B 后都携带定语从句医学界有个传统，对仅仅“没病” 的人和身体健康并注意身体特殊需求的的人不加区别
34、。 两类人都被简单的称之为“身体健康”。30. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitori
35、ng their bodys condition.然而，近几年来医学专家开始把“健康的” 和“健康” 这样的术语仅仅用于那些积极努力地维持和改善健康的人。身体健康的人关注营养和锻炼，他们重视他们的身体状况。难点：apply . to . 把. 用于（有的同学只知道 apply 的意思是 “申请”，这类同学多么应该反思自己那愚笨的记单词的方法呀!）31. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap may be “well”, in this sense, if they make an effort to maintain the b
36、est possible health they can in the face of their physical limitation. “Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. 在这个意义上，甚至那些有身体疾病或者有缺陷的人都可能是“ 健康的”，如果他们面对身体缺陷，能努力保持他们能保持的最好的健康状态的话。 “健康”可能最好不要被视作成一个人可以达到的一种状态，而应视为人们能为之而奋斗的
37、一种理想。32. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which we face the challenges of the daily life. 健康的人在疾病发作时能更好的抵御疾
38、病和疾病作斗争。 这种健康理念较为关注健康的生活方式，对我们如何面对日常生活里的挑战产生着有益的影响。33. Language is the most important learning we do. Nothing defines humans so much as our ability to communicate abstract thoughts, whether about the universe, the mind, love, dreams, or ordering a drink. 语言时我们（技能）学习中最重要的。没有什么能像我们能交流抽象思维的能力，不管是关于宇宙、心
39、智、爱情、梦想还是要一杯饮料能对人类能做以界定。难点：第二句稍难些。大家可以比较一下：Nothing can give humans a definition so much as our ability to communicate abstract thoughts. Our ability to communicate abstract thoughts can give humans a definition. 可以在写作中玩玩。34. Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have spe
40、cialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique - a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born wi
41、th, or whether it is a learned behaviour.符号语言已成为一个科学热门话题。只是在过去的 20 里，语言研究专家才意识到符号语言很独特用手来说话。他们提出新方法来探索大脑是如何生成和理解语言的，也对古老的科学争议有些新的启示：语言包括语法是我们与生俱来的还是后天习得的一种行为。难点：对这几个词要注意：sign (符号语言), speech（话语，与文字相对）, learn（对【技能】的习得，而非对【知识】的学习）35. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering wor
42、k of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the worlds only liberal arts university for deaf people.现在对符号语言的兴趣可以追溯到在华盛顿特区 Gallaudet 大学任教的一位反叛教师的开创性的工作。该大学是世界上唯一一所为聋人开办的文科大学。36. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, Fre
43、nch and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space.“几十年来，教育家们攻击他所持的符号语言和英语、法语、日语一样都是自然语言的这种看法。他们认为语言必须以话语为基础，也就是对声音的调节。而符号语言是以手的移动为基础，是对空间的调节。难点：涉及到一些科学知识。有一个同位语从句和两个同位语 the modulation
44、 of sound 和the modulation of space.37. It came as something of a surprise when she Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Crosss campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines.当黛安娜（威尔士王妃）在 1977 年到安哥拉旅行去支持红十字会发起的全面禁止使用所有的杀伤地雷时，人们大吃一惊。38. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines.
