1、The Following Questions Is In The Order of the Chapters (Only One Choice) How do individuals learn all they need to know?Apersonal experienceBDiscoveryC from what others tell usDall of these choices In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does
2、not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality? correctpremodernmodernpostmodernScientific Youve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because som
3、ething has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to: illogical reasoning. inaccurate observation. selective observation. over-emphasis on tradition. overgeneralization. Social research aims to find _ in social life. answers knowledge practicality regularity truth Professor Fremler exa
4、mined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as variables. attributes. variable categories. units of analysis. theoretical elements. The two foundations of science areA. tradition and observation.B. observation
5、 and logic.C. logic and theory.D. theory and observation.E. logic and generalization. Science A. deals with what should be and not with what is.B. can settle debates on value.C. is exclusively descriptive.D. has to do with disproving philosophical beliefs.E. has to do with how things are and why. Wh
6、en social scientists study variables, they focus onA. attributes.B. groups.C. people.D. characteristics.E. relationships. _ is the science of knowing.A. intelligenceB. exam takingC. epistemologyD. methodology Which of the following are true of tradition and authority?A. they both assist human inquir
7、yB. they both hinder human inquiryC. both a and bD. none of these choices _ explanations seek to exhaust the idiosyncratic causes of a particular condition or event.A. idiographicB. latentC. manifestD. nomotheticChapter 2 Paradigms, Theory, And Research Which of the following do theories seek to pro
8、vide?A. personal experienceB. discoveryC. correlationsD. logical explanations _ are fundamental frames of reference. perspectives theories paradigms methods _ can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life. symbolic interactionism conflict theory structural functionalism f
9、eminist theory none of these choices _ is/are systematic sets of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life.A. answersB. knowledgeC. practicalityD. theoriesE. truthThe three main elements of the traditional model of science are A. theory, operationalization, observation.B
10、. operationalization, hypothesis testing, theory.C. observation, experimentation, operationalization.D. theory, observation, hypothesis testing.E. experimentation, hypothesis testing, theory.Which of the following is the best example of a hypothesis?A. The greater the level of education, the greater
11、 the tolerance for alternative lifestyles.B. Socialization in childhood has a significant impact on adolescent gender-role identity.C. There are more female than male college students.D. Religiosity equals frequency of church attendance and praying.E. Actions are based on perceived costs and rewards
12、. The paradigm that accounts for the impact of economic conditions on family structures isA. symbolic interactionism.B. structural functionalism.C. positivism.D. conflict.E. Exchange The Ethics and Politics of Social Research Which constraints must be placed on social research for it to be considere
13、d realistic?A. scientific constraintsB. administrative constraintsC. ethical constraintsD. all of these choices _ is a norm in which subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.A. research participationB. the Hawthorne effec
14、tC. informed consentD. the code of ethicsE. none of these choices Though the norm of voluntary participation is important, it is often:A. justifiably violatedB. not receivedC. impossible to followD. all of these choices Both ethics and politics hinge on:A. Idiographic（具体的） researchB. power and resou
15、rcesC. manifest research（显性化研究）D. ideological points of view Ethics are not a consideration in which one of the following fields of research? Or do ethics enter in all of these fields?A. natural sciencesB. psychologyC. medicalD. sociologyE. ethics enter in all of them The major justification the soc
16、ial scientist has for requesting participation in a study is thatA. it may help the respondent.B. it may help all humanity.C. it may help the social scientist.D. it may help government officials make policy decisions.E. it may help improve the educational system. The controversy surrounding Laud Hum
17、phreys study of homosexuals suggests he most violated which of the following ethical principles?A. anonymity and confidentialityB. harm to subjects and data reporting without identificationC. concealed identity of researcher and anonymityD. value-free inquiry and concealed identity of researcherE. h
18、arm to subjects（受试者） and anonymity Which of the following is not a difference between ethical and political aspects of social research? Or are they all differences?A. Ethical considerations are more objective than political considerations.B. Ethical aspects include a professional code of ethics, whe
19、reas political aspects do not.C. Ethics deal more with methods, whereas political issues deal with substance.D. Ethical norms have been established, whereas political norms, for the most part, have not been established.E. All are differences. Scientific inquiry comes down to:A. making observationsB.
20、 interpreting what youve observedC. both a and bD. none of these choices A _ is an empirical relationship between two variables such that changes in one are associated with changes in the other. nomothetic explanation regression analysis correlation spurious relationship Social researchers tend to c
21、hoose_ as their units of analysis. social interactions social artifacts groups individuals Which of these are among the purposes of research?A. explorationB. descriptionC. explanationD. all of these choices What do social researchers mean when they say there is a causal relationship between educatio
22、n and racial tolerance?A. there is a statistical correlation between the two variablesB. a persons educational level occurred before their current level of toleranceC. there is no third variable that can explain away the observed correlationD. all of these choicesE. none of these choices A _ is prob
23、abilistic and usually incomplete.A. nomothetic explanationB. correlationC. spurious relationshipD. theoryE. none of these choices A _ represents a condition that, if present, guarantees the effect in .A. hypothesisB. sufficient causeC. practical issueD. necessary causeE. dependent variable It is tru
24、ly possible to measure the stuff of life.A. True B. False _ refers to mental images.A. perspectivesB. theoriesC. conceptionD. methods The mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions are made more specific and precise is called _.A. constructionB. reificationC. conceptualizationD. none of thes
25、e choices Which of the following are examples of nominal measures?A. genderB. religious affiliationC. political party affiliationD. birthplaceE. all of these choices _ is the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within a concept.A. construct validityB. criterion-related va
26、lidityC. face validityD. content validity In social research, the process of coming to an agreement about what terms mean is _.A. hypothesesB. conceptualizationC. guessesD. variables Which of the following represent those classifications of things that scientists can measure, according to Abraham Ka
27、plan?A. direct observablesB. indirect observablesC. constructsD. all of these choices The _ of concepts in scientific inquiry depends on nominal and operational definitions.A. specificationB. interchangeabilityC. functioningD. networkE. none of these choices A level of measurement describing a varia
28、ble whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes are _.A. ratio measuresB. interval measuresC. nominal measuresD. ordinal measures In order to achieve broad coverage of various dimensions of a concept, researchers need to make_.A. single observationsB. field
29、 research observationsC. multiple observationsD. none of these choices Which of the following are common characteristics shared by both indexes and scales?A. both are ordinal measuresB. both rank-order units in terms of specific variablesC. both are composite measuresD. all of these choices Which of
30、 the following represent steps in the construction of an index?A. selecting possible itemsB. examining empirical relationshipsC. scoring the indexD. all of these choices An empirical relationship is established when respondents answers to one help us _. observe a statistical correlation between the
31、two variables determine their current level of tolerance explain away the observed correlation predict how theyll answer other s none of these choices Which of these represents a naire format in which the respondent is asked to rate something in terms of two?A. cross-sectional studiesB. longitudinal
32、 studiesC. semantic differentialD. all of these choices We construct a(n)_ simply by accumulating scores assigned to individual attributes.A. studyB. measurementC. scaleD. index Which of the following statements are true?A. constructing indexes is a simple undertakingB. both scales and indexes are e
33、qually superior to one anotherC. indexes are generally superior to scalesD. scales are generally superior to indexes Which of the following represent decisions that must be made when scoring indexes?A. one must decide the range of index scores that are desirableB. one must decide how to assign score
34、s for each responseC. both a and bD. none of these choices _ is the process of testing the validity of a measure by examining its relationship to other indicators of the same variable.A. theoretical analysisB. internal validationC. external validationD. conceptualizationE. none of these choices Typo
35、logies should always be avoided in social research.A. TrueB. False One of the most visible uses of survey sampling lies in _.A. political pollingB. probability samplingC. core samplingD. traditional polling _sampling occurs when units are selected on the basis of prespecified characteristics.A. snow
36、ballB. quotaC. purposiveD. probability _describes a sample whose aggregate characteristics closely approximate the aggregate characteristics of the population.A. exclusionB. probability samplingC. EPSEMD. representativenessE. none of these choices A _ is the list or quasi list of elements from which
37、 a probability sample is selected.A. confidence levelB. confidence intervalC. sampling frameD. systematic sampleE. none of these choices Political polling rests on _.A. subtle innuendosB. field researchC. observationsD. none of these choices _ sampling is often employed in field research whereby eac
38、h person interviewed may be asked to suggest additional people for interviewing.A. snowballB. quotaC. purposiveD. probability _ is the general term for samples selected in accord with probability theory.A. nonprobability analysesB. correlation coefficientsC. probability samplingD. none of these choi
39、cesA_ population is that aggregation of elements from which a sample is actually selected.A. theoreticalB. smallC. largeD. conceptE. studyCluster sampling may be used when it is impossible to compile an exhaustive list of the elements composing the target population.A. True B. False In the simplest
40、experimental design, subjects are measured in terms of a _ variable exposed to an _ variable.A. pretested; posttestedB. fluid; staticC. independent; dependentD. dependent; independent _ groups are groups of subjects to whom an experimental stimulus is administered.A. control B. experimentalC. purpos
41、iveD. triad _ is a technique for assigning experimental subjects to experimental and control groups randomly.A. nonprobability analysesB. matchingC. randomizationD. none of these choices In a one-group pretest-posttest design, what is lacking?A. EPSEMB. an experimental groupC. a control groupD. none
42、 of these choices What is the basic difference between the classical design and the Solomon four-group design?A. There is no difference.B. The Solomon four-group design repeats the classical design but adds groups that are not pretested.C. The Solomon four-group design repeats the classical design b
43、ut adds groups that are not posttested. Experiments are especially well suited for research projects involving:A. limited conceptsB. well-defined conceptsC. hypothesis testingD. all of these choices A _experiment eliminates the possibility of a researcher prejudging results.A. snowballB. double-blin
44、dC. purposiveD. regressive _refers to the possibility that the conclusion drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what has gone on in the experiment itself.A. exclusionB. internal validityC. external validityD. representativenessE. none of these choices Natural experiments are mos
45、t likely to resemble which one of the following designs?A. static-group comparisonB. classicalC. Solomon four-groupD. one-group pretest-posttestE. posttest-only control group design Which of the following is the chief advantage of a controlled experiment?A. they require little timeB. they require li
46、ttle moneyC. they are artificialD. the isolation of the experimental variables impact over timeE. none of these choices When is survey research the best method available?A. when collecting original dataB. when describing a population too large to observe directlyC. when measuring attitudesD. all of
47、these choices _ s have a respondent select an answer from among a list provided. open-ended pretest experimental closed-ended As a general rule, a naire should be:A. spread outB. unclutteredC. relevantD. all of these choices The main cause of highway accidents is speeding by truckers. Dont you agree
48、 that the use of radar detectors by truckers should be made illegal?A. yesB. not sureC. no What is the major weakness with the previous ? A. It is socially desirable.B. It is too long.C. It is biased.D. It is double-barreled.E. It is not clear. Which of these are among the many advantages that underlie the growing popularity of telephone surveys?A. moneyB.
