1、化工产品的绿色设计及其集成评价方法的研究亿与生物互程 2006,Vo1.23No.8ChemistryBioengineeringAStudyonGreenDesignandIntegratedAssessmentMethodf0rChemicalProducts绪墟专论YANZhi-guo.WUYuan-xin,YUANHua,WUGuang-wen(H“bPiKeyLa.bofNovelReactorGreenChemicalTechnology,WuhanInstitute0厂Technology,Wuhan430073,China)Abstract:Withtheincreasingp
2、ublicenvironmentalconsciousness,chemicalproductandprocessdesignreauiresimuItaneoussatisfactionandcompromiseofenvironmentalandeconomicperformance.Tofulfillthetwoconflictingwhilecomplementobjectives,multiattributedecisionmakingisadoptedinatradeoffconsiderationofbothtechnica1 一economic.alevaluationande
3、nvironmentalimpactsassessmentwiththeanalytichierarchyDrocess(AHP)inthispaper.Thenasystematicapproachforlifecycledesignofchemicalproductisproposed.Keywords:greendesign;multicriteriadecisionmaking;analytichierarchyprocess1IntroductionWiththeimprovementoflivingstandardsandtheenhancementofenvironmentala
4、wareness,theenvironmentalimpactsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationattheeverybeginningoftheproductdesign.Wedescribebrieflythemainideasandimplementprocessoflirecycleassessment(LCA)inchemicalproductdesign,andintroducetheconceptionoflifecyclecosting(LCC)usedasacriteriaforassessingproduct.Ananalytichierarchy
5、process(AHP)modelforintegratedassessmentofeconomicalandenvironmentalperformanceispres?entedindetail.2LifecycleassessmentofchemicalproductdesignAninternationalstandardposingformalizedrequirementstotheLCAmethodologyhasbeendevelopedbytheInternationalStandardOrganization(ISO)andpracticedworldwidesince19
6、97.TheIS014040standarddefineslifecycleassessmentas:“atechniqueforassessingtheenvironmentalaspectsandpotentialimpactsassociatedwithaproductby:compilinganinventoryofrelevantinputsandoutputsofasystem,evaluatingthepotentialenvironmentalim 一基金项目收稿日期作者简介湖北省自然科20060411闰志国(1975 一学基金(2006ABA281)LCAisrecogniz
7、edasoneofthemostfrequentlyusedtechniquesforsystematicallyevaluatingenvironmentalperformanceofaproductthroughoutitslifecycle.LCAmethodologycomprisesasetofdifferentmethodsandapproacheswithinageneralframework.AsmentionedinISO14040,“thereisnosinglemethodforconductingLCA.Itisimpossibletodefinetherigidmet
8、hodologicalrulesforallaspectsofLCAbecausethescope,boundaries,andlevelofdetailwilldependonthesubjectandintendedapplicationofthestudy.TheISO14040andsubsequentstandardsdistinguishfourinterrelatedphasesintheLCAframeworksuchasgoalandscopedefinition,inventoryanalysis,impactassessment,andinterpretation.3Li
9、fecyclecostingofchemicalproductdesignBesidesmeetingtheimportantrequirementsofenvironmentalperformance,costoreconomicaspectsthatareusuallyincludedinanycompanysdecisionmakingactivitiesshouldalsobeconsideredattheearlystageofproductdevelopmenttojudgewhetheritiseconomicallyfeasibletoimproveordevelopaprod
10、uctsystem.Lundie 跚 arguedthatnodesignprojectshouldproceedtothefinalstagesbeforecostsareconsidered,andcostestimatesshouldbemadethroughouttheearlystagesofthedesignwhencompletespecificationsarenotavailable.Inthisperspective,itwillbepointedoutthatestimatingthecostofaproductsystemismuchmorecomplexthanest
11、imating).男,河北阳原人,工学博士,)_4ezX 绿 G4t.x-.,过程系统工程研究 .E-mail:samanyan163.corn.日闫志国等:化工产品的绿色设计及其集成评价方法的研究 /2006 年一 8 啊thecostofanewpieceofequipmentbecausemanyvariablesandintangiblesareinvolved.However,costconsiderationisnecessaryindecidingwhetherthedevelopmentofnewproductsystemisworthpursuingandfurthercap
12、italshouldbeinvestedintheproductimprovementproject.Throughoutthewholeproductlilecycle,therearemanydecisionrequirementsofbothtechnicalandnontechnicalnature.Inmostcase,thesedecisions,especiallyattheearlierstages,havelifecycleimplicationsanddefinitelyaffectLCC,whichreferstoallcostsassociatedwiththesyst
13、emorproductsasappliedtoadefinedlifecycle.TheframeworkofLCCisshowninFig.1.Itisthetotalcostthatafirmincurs,fromthetimeofpurchaseuntilthedisposalofanywastesorby-productsandbeyond,aslongasliaFig.1Frameworkforlifecyclecostingofchemicalproductdesignbilitiesorothercostsmayremain.Theprimarygoaloflirecycleco
14、stmanagementistosavemoneybymakingpurchase,operating,andnaintenancedecisionsbasedonthefulllifecyclecostofamaterial,product,process,orservice,whichexplicitlyincludesthecostsofenvironmental,health,andsafetYissues.Thescopeofdecisionsandalternativesthatcanbeaddressedincludesproductandmaterialselectionand
15、use,processdesign,wastemanagementandothers.Secondarygoalsoftenincludeachievingpollutionprevention,sourcereductionandwasteminimizationtargets.Inmanycases,thealte_rnativewiththelowestlifecyclecostalsoprovidesanopportunityforpollutionprevention.Howeverinothercases,afirmisrequiredtomaketrade-offsbetween
16、costandothergoalssuchasproductquality.4AnAHPmodelforintegratedassessmentofeconomicalandenvironmentalperformance4.1ThestructureoftheAHPmodelLCAisaquantitativetoolforassessingenvironmentalloadingwhileLCCisaquantitativemethodforanalysisofeconomicperformanceofthechemicalproducts.OnlyintegratingLCCandLCA
17、cangiveasounddirectiontolifecycledesignofchemicalprod.uct.TheAHPisapowerfulandflexiblemulti-criteriadecisionmakingmethodforcomplexproblems,andhasbeenusedinmanygovernmentalandindustrialapplications引.Theseapplicationsincludemulticriteriadecisionmakingproblemsintheareasofenvironmentalprotection,schedul
18、ing,projectevaluation,andstrategicplanning.TheAHPcombinedqualitativeandquantitativeaspectsofcomplexproblembvmeansofahierarehiealstructure.TheAHPisusedtobreakdownacomplexandunstructuredproblemintoitscomponentparts,usefactsandjudgementsofkeyindividualstorelateandprioritizethecomponents,andtosynthesize
19、theresults.InconstructionofAHPmodel,theselectionofcriteriaisveryimportantforthereliabilityandreasonablenessoftheassessmentresults.Therearemany.environmentalindexesbeingputforwardandappliedtoevaluatetheenvironmentalperformanceofproductintheliterature5.BasedonthetheoreticframeworkofLCA,someimpactcateg
20、orieswhichgreatlycausepeoplesattentionareusedinthispaper,suchasgreenwarmpotential(GWP),ozonede.pletionpotential(ODP),photochemicaloxidecreationpotential(POCP),acidificationpotential(AP),cancerhazardpotential(CHP),noncancerhazardpotential(nCHP),andecotoxicitypotential(ETP).ThestructureoftheAHPmodelfo
21、rintegratedassessmentofenvironmentalandeconomicalperformanceofchemicalproductsforthescenariosalternativesisshowninFig.2.IntheAHPmodel,thetoplevelofthehierarchyspecifiesthegoal,andintermediatelevelsspecifycriteriaandsub-criteriawhichrefleetsuccessivecategorizationsofenvironmentalperformanceandeconomi
22、cperformance.Thelowestlev-elcorrespondstotheinputsassociatedwithchemicalproductalternatives.Basedondifferentlevels,criteriaandsubcriteriaareprioritized.IntheformIllatedAHPmodel,thealternativesunderevaluationaredenotedasA(i 一 1,2,).闰志国等:化工产品的绿色设计及其集成评价方法的研究 /2006 年8 啊Fig.2Thehierarchicalstructureforc
23、hemicalproductlifecycledesignThecriteriausedforthecomparativeanalysisareLCCandenvironmentalimpact(EI).Thesub-criteriaaredenotedasSJandE(=1,2,m)fromlefttoright,wheremisthenumberofsubcriteria.ThevalueofthecontributionofalternativeAonsubcriteriaEiisdenotedasu.4.2Determiningthepriorityofeachsub-criteria
24、Constructingcomparisonmatrix:Foreachofcriteria,therearemnumberofsubcriteriaunderthecriteria.Todeterminethepriorityofsubcriteria,apar-wmecomparisonmatrix,B,needbeconstructedaccordingtotherelativeimportanceofeachother.Fortherelativemodelofcomparison,entries6aredeterminedbytherelativeimportanceofsubcri
25、teriaandJ,andb=1/bji.Determinationoftheweightofeachsubcriteria:Havethecomparisonmatrixbeingdetermined.thevectorofweight,WforB,isComputednext.TheinitialstepforobtainingWzistochangematrixBintomatrixC,thatis,everyentryinBisstandardizedbynormalizingeverycolumnonebyone.Thena11theelementsineachrowinCaresu
26、mmed,resultinginacolumnvector.Thiscolumnvectorisnormalizedtoobtainthevectorofweight,W 一(w1“叫 2z,).Finally,consistencyindex(CI),whichindicatesthedeviationfromconsistency,iscalculatedtojudgetherationalityofweight.ItshouldbepointedoutthatifCdoesntmeetconsistencysrequirement,comparisonmatrixBneedbeconst
27、ructedagain.CIisdeterminedusingequation(1).CI-!Jl(1)whereistheprincipleeigenvalueofB.4.3EvaluatingalternativesDeterminationofMAz:Formnumberofsubcriteriaconsidered,therearemnumberofmatrices,MA(Z 一 1,2,),eachbeingacomparisonmatrixofthealternativeswithrespecttoeachotherscontribution.Thematrixisdetermin
28、edasfollows:MAt 一(d)(,J=1,2)Inthiscomparisonmatrix,entriesaaredeterminedbyu.Forexample,givensubcriteria,E2,andtwoalternatives,A1andA2,thevalueofthecontributionofalternativestoE2are“l2and“22,respectively.Thenumericalvalueofaaregivenbyequation(2).一,u,i_zz(,一 1,2),(2)SothematrixMA2isdeterminedasfollows
29、:MA:=21“一“.(sLz1a22_J“22/ 乱 12“22/“22fDeterminationofWA:Oncethecomparisonmatrixisdetermined,thevectorofweight,WAzforMA,iscomputed.TheinitialstepforobtainingWAlistosumalltheelementsineachrOWinMA,resultinginacolumnvector.Thiscolumnvectorisnormalizedtoobtainthevectorofweight,WAz 一(wlf,w2, ,).4.4Determi
30、ningthescoreofsinglecriteriaWhethertheperformanceofproductinaspectofascertainingcriteriaismoreexcellentthanofotherscanbeevaluatedbycomparingitsscore.Forthispropose,theinitialstepistoconstructamatrixMwithWA1.ThenthevectorofweightWismuhi pliedwithM,resultinginthescoreofsinglecriteriaforalternatives.Fo
31、ralternativeproducts,hereto,demgnercanchooseapromisingproductwithrespecttoanascertainedcriteriabasedonitsscore.5ConclusionInconclusion,totradeoffenvironmentalandeconomicobjectsduringdevelopmentofachemica1product,theproposedAHPmodel,asadecisionmakingtool,isrelativelysimpleandeasyusedwithanapprovingre
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