1、,Morphology(1),Morphology: the analysis of word structure,Main Content,1. Word 2. Morpheme3. Representing word structure,1) What is a word?,The smallest free form.Free form: an element that can occur in isolation,e.g. The birds left. (“-s”is not a free formnever occurs in isolation) “-s” must be att
2、ached to another category,1) smallest free form: the lexical item can stand by itself in isolation e.g. fire, nothing, teacher 2) stability: the arrangement of linear order of the constituents may not be changed. (a property unique to the word),2) Properties of “word”,e.g. hunt er s *hunt s er *er h
3、unt s (the morphemes are fixed in order),The dog bites the man.(In the domain of sentence, the constituents may be arranged.) The man bites the dog.,3) Uninterruptability: No pause and no other element may be inserted into the word. e.g. greenish However, we can insert some elements into a phrase. e
4、.g. a big boy a big and fat boy.,2.1 Morpheme 词素 the minimal distinct unit of grammar （语法的最小区别单位）,the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.组合成词的最小功能单位,build er,“construct” functions as a N with the meaning “one who builds”,“dwelling” more than one,house s,Basi
5、c property of morpheme: Arbitrariness 任意性,- there is no necessary intrinsic and logic connection between the sound and the meaning. (音和义之间的联系是“任意性”的，或“约定俗成”的, 语言形式与其指称的外界实体之间没有任何自然的对应关系),e.g. table teibl一词中没有任何东西反映桌子的形状等特性English； German； French； Chinese,site cite sight the meanings of these morphem
6、es are different, but they have the same pronunciation.,语言中有些词部分或完全具有相似性，它们确实反映语言外部世界的特征。 Onomatopoeia: imitating the sound of nature e.g. splash, murmur , mumble,2.2 Allomorphs How to identify morphemes?,e.g. worker indicates the agent of actionwarmer indicates the comparative degree separate morph
7、eme,mother meaningless, only a part of the phonetic form m,catss same morpheme dogsz allomorphs busesiz （受词的单数形式结尾语音的影响“音系条件制约”）,workersz suffix of possession workersz different pl.workss morphemes 3rd person singular,2.3 Types of morphemes:,1) free morpheme: can stand by itself to form a word e.g.
8、book, child, walk2) bound morpheme: must be attached to another morpheme e.g. books, childish , walking,3. All affixes in English are bound morphemes, including prefixes and suffixes. Prefix: unhappy infix: 收工收了工 Suffix: books (Chinese) 坐牢坐过牢,2.4 Types of words:Mono-morphemic word: the word is compo
9、sed of one morpheme. (Simple words)e.g. man , water Poly-morphemic word: a word which consists two or more morphemes,(morphologically complex words)e.g. inter na tion al iz ation 1 2 3 4 5 6 care less ness govern ment1 2 3 1 2,3. Representing word structure,In order to represent the internal structu
10、re of a word, we have to learn some basic concepts. Root , Base , Affix,（词根是词的基础形式，不能再作进一步分析，即词根是将词内的词缀都拿掉后剩下的部分）,1) Root: is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning.,e .g . meaning ful ness root (意指)read ing sroot,English has thousands of words built up from Latin or Greek root
11、 e .g . inter nat ion al iza tion root “nasc- (nat-): to be born” (Latin root),un inter rupt ed ly root “rupt-: to break or to burst”(Latin root ),2) Base: any part of the word to which an affix can be added . (指一个词内可以对其进行操作的任一单位，如可以添加词缀的词根或词干),e.g. blackenedVV,A Affix AffixBlack en ed,e.g. readings
12、 NN,V Suffix Suffixread ing s,3) Affix: a bound morpheme attached to a root or base,Derivational affix 派生词缀 prefix Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 suffix,e.g. dog NRoot,dog,e.g. teacher NRoot,Suffixteach er,e.g. unhappy Adj.Pre,Rootun happy,Derivational affixes: 改变其粘附的词素的类或意义 （一般有独立的可陈述的词汇意义）e.g. sell-er (
13、VN) suffix: change category mini-skirt “小” prefix: change the basic meaning,Inflectional affixes: 表示语法关系，如复数,过去时和领属关系，不改变所附词干的语法类 e.g. walk-s walk-ed,English Inflectional affixesInflectional affixN plural-s Examples： books, chairs possessive-s Johns, the mansV past tense-ed hunted, watchedprogressive -ing hunting, watching3rd person sing.:-s reads，writes past participle en/-ed finished, eaten,
