1、 Gunshot Wounds Practical Aspects of Firearms,Ballistics,and Forensic Techniques Second Edition by Vincent J.M.DiMaio,M.D.1999 CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress.This book contains information obtained from authen
2、tic and highly regarded sources.Reprintedmaterial is quoted with permission,and sources are indicated.A wide variety of references are listed.Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information,but the author and thepublisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of al
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5、Raton,Florida 33431.Tr ademark Notice:Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,and are only used for identication and explanation,without intent to infringe.1999 by CRC Press LLCNo claim to original U.S.Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-8163-0Prin
6、ted in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0Printed on acid-free paper1999 CRC Press LLC To My Parents1999 CRC Press LLC Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Editors Note 1 Firearms and Ammunition Small Arms Handguns Ries Assault Ries Shotguns Submachine Guns Caliber Nomenclature for Ried We
7、apons Ammunition Cartridge Cases Head Stamps PrimersPropellants Bullets Caseless Ammunition Flint and Percussion Weapons References 2 The Forensic Aspects of Ballistics Class and Individual Characteristics of Bullets Comparison of Bullets Cartridge Cases Base Markings Cytology on Bullets and Clothin
8、g DNA Typing of Tissue on Bullets Fingerprints Black Powder Firearms Discharge of a Weapon References 1999 CRC Press LLC 3 Wound Ballistics Loss of Kinetic Energy References 4 An Introduction to the Classication of Gunshot Wounds Contact Wounds Near-Contact Wounds Intermediate-Range Wounds Cylinder
9、Gap Silencers Muzzle Brakes/Compensators Flash Suppressors Gas Ports/Vents Miscellaneous Powder Patterns Distant Gunshot Wounds Entrance Versus Exit Wounds Entrance Wounds Exit Wounds Miscellaneous Entrance Wounds Intermediary Targets Stippling:Powder Tattooing and Pseudo-Powder Tattooing Pseudo-Soo
10、t Ricochet Bullets Bone Bullet Wounds of the Skull Caliber Determination from Entrance Wounds Bullet Wipe Backspatter References 5 Wounds Due to Handguns Contact Wounds Contact Wounds over Bone Near-Contact Wounds Hair Gas Injuries Intermediate-Range Wounds Cylinder Gap Distant Wounds 1999 CRC Press
11、 LLCAddendum:Centerre Handgun Cartridges.25 ACP(6.35 16).32 ACP(7.65 17SR).32 Smith&Wesson and.32 Smith&Wesson Long.38 Smith&Wesson(9 20R).38 Special.357 Magnum.380 ACP(9 19 mm/9-mm Kurz/9-mm Corto/9-mm Browning Short)9 18-mm Makarov.38 Colt Super Auto(9 23R)9-mm Luger(9-mm Parabellum/9 19-mm).40 Sm
12、ith and Wesson.45 ACP(11.43 23).44 Smith&Wesson MagnumReferences 6 Wounds from.22 Caliber Rimre Weapons.22 Magnum.22 Short,Long,and Long Rie Cartridges.22 Short Cartridge.22 Long Ammunition.22 Long Rie Ammunition Shot Cartridges Hyper-Velocity.22s BB and CB Caps Frangible Rimre Ammunition CCI Rimre
13、Ammunition Wounds Due to Rimre Ammunition Contact Wounds Intermediate-Range Wounds Distant Wounds References 7 Wounds from Centerre Ries Centerre Rie Bullets Centerre Rie Wounds Powder Tatooing X-rays Perforating Tendency of Centerre Rie Bullets 1999 CRC Press LLC 1999 CRC Press LLC 1999 CRC Press L
14、LC Intermediary Targets Soot-like Residues Assault Ries Military Ammunition Converted to Sporting Ammunition Plastic Wads in Rie Bullets Addendum:Rie Calibers.223 Remington(5.56 45 mm)5.45 39.243 Winchester(6.16 51 mm).270 Winchester 7-mm Magnum 7.62 39 30 M-1 Carbine(7.62 33 mm).30-30 Winchester.30
15、-06 Springeld(7.62 63 mm).308 Winchester(7.62 51 mm)7.62 54R(7.62-mm Mosin-Nagent)References 8 Wounds from Shotguns Shotgun Ammunition Shot Birdshot Buckshot Ammunition Shotgun Slugs Wounds Due to Slugs Wound Ballistics of the ShotgunShotgun WoundsContact Wounds of the Head Intermediate and Close-Ra
16、nge Wounds of the Head Contact Wounds of the Trunk Intermediate Range Wounds of the Body Distant Wounds Wounds from Buckshot Pellet Holes in Window Screens Sawed-Off Shotguns Shotgun Diverters Automatic Ejection of Fired Hulls Miscellaneous Notes on Shotgun Shell Miscellaneous Shotgun Ammunition Ref
17、erences 1999 CRC Press LLC 9 Bloody Bodies and Bloody Scenes Physical Activity Following Gunshot Wounds Wounds Seen in the Emergency Room Minimal Velocities Necessary to Perforate Skin Bullet Emboli Gunshot Wounds of the Brain Bone Chips Secondary Fractures of the Skull Shape of the Bullet Tracks Po
18、int of Lodgement of the Bullet Intrauterine Gunshot Wounds Lead Poisoning from Retained Bullets Location of Fatal Gunshot Wounds Behavior of Ammunition and Gunpowder in FiresBlunt-Force Injuries from Firearms Multiple Gunshot Wounds Through One Entrance Falling Bullets Reaction-Response Times in Han
19、dgun Shootings References 10 Miscellaneous Weapons and Ammunition Air Weapons Zip Guns Stud Guns Captive Bolt Devices(Pistols)Bang Sticks Sympathetic Discharge of Rimre Firearms Bullets without Riing Marks Elongated Bullets Cast Bullets Sabot Ammunition Tandem Bullets New Forms of Handgun Ammunition
20、 Hollow-Point Design Miscellaneous Bullet Design Ammunition Intended for Use In Indoor Ranges NYCLAD Revolver Cartridges Frangible Bullets“Armor-Piercing”Handgun Ammunition:KTW and Its Legacy Handgun Shot Cartridges 1999 CRC Press LLC Plastic Training Ammunition Flechettes Rubber and Plastic Bullets
21、 Blank Cartridge Injuries Electrical Guns Interchangeability of Ammunition in Weapons Markings and Foreign Material on Bullets Effect of Environmental Temperature on Bullet Velocity References 11 X-rays References 12 Detection of Gunshot Residues Methods of Analyzing Gunshot Residues Flameless Atomi
22、c Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS)Scanning Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry(SEM-EDX Trace Metal Detection Technique(TMDT)Gunshot Wounds Through Clothing Analytical Examination of Clothing for Range Determination The Modied Greiss Test The Sodium Rhodizonate Test EDX for Examination of Cl
23、othes Range Determination in Decomposed Bodies Addendum References 13 Correct Handling of Deaths from Firearms The Autopsy Report 14 Suicide by Firearms Suicides due to Handguns Suicides Due to Long Arms Suicides in General Movement of Firearms at the Scene Guns Found in the Hand 1999 CRC Press LLC
24、Backspatter(Blowback)on the Hands of Shooters in Cases of Suicide Backspatter(Blowback)on Weapons in Cases of Contact Wounds“Russian Roulette”Accidental Deaths from Firearms Ries and Shotguns Slam-Fires References Appendix A“Stopping Power”and Hollow-Point Pistol Ammunition:Myths and Facts Appendix
25、B The Forensic Autopsy in Gunshot Wound Cases 1999 CRC Press LLC 1999 CRC Press LLC Foreword This Second Edition of Gunshot Wounds:Practical Aspects of Firearms,Bal-listics,and Forensic Techniques,written by Vincent J.M.Di Maio,M.D.hasbeen greatly expanded to include over 78 new photographs with ref
26、erencesand discussions not covered in the original text.Dr.Di Maio has taken hispersonal observations,experience and research of gunshot wounds and re-arms to create an extremely practical hands-on guide.Guns continue to be the most frequently used weapons in murder andrearms account for more than h
27、alf of the slayings.Therefore,this SecondEdition of Gunshot Wounds:Practical Aspects of Firearms,Ballistics,and Foren-sic Techniques,will continue to be the denitive source and reference forMedical Examiners,forensic pathologists,professional law enforcement ofc-ers,forensic crime laboratories,lawye
28、rs and others involved in the criminaljustice and forensic elds.In 1985,the First Edition of Gunshot Wounds:Practical Aspects of Fire-arms,Ballistics,and Forensic Techniques written by Vincent J.M.Di Maio,M.D.was published within my Practical Aspects of Criminal and ForensicInvestigations Series.At
29、the time of this rst publication,I had the opportunity to write theForeword and stated;“without a doubt this text was the most comprehen-sive text on gunshot wounds available today.”Little did I know how signicantthat statement would become.In fact,the First Edition became a benchmarkwithin the fore
30、nsic community and could only be replaced with this new andaugmented Second Edition.I have known Dr.Di Maio for over twenty years and I consider him tobe the nations foremost authority in the sphere of gunshot wounds andforensic techniques as they relate to rearm injuries.In both my Second andThird
31、Editions of Practical Homicide Investigation:Tactics,Procedures andForensic Techniques I cite the work of Dr.Di Maio.Dr.Di Maio,who is presently the Chief Medical Examiner of BexarCounty,in San Antonio,Texas was previously afliated with SouthwesternInstitute of Forensic Sciences in Dallas,Texas.Dr.D
32、i Maio has been able toview gunshot wounds at the same time as the weapons and ammunition used1999 CRC Press LLC to inict them.He has also been able to discuss the weapons and ammunitionwith rearm examiners at the time of autopsy.This Second Edition of Gunshot Wounds:Practical Aspects of Firearms,Ba
33、llistics,and Forensic Techniques combines over twenty-ve years of medi-colegal investigation with practical experience.The book begins with an excellent presentation regarding rearms andammunition and acquaints the reader with some basic knowledge of rearmsand the terminology used by ballistics and
34、rearm examiners.The text thendescribes the practical aspects of ballistics,wound ballistics,and the classi-cation of various wounds pertaining to handguns,bang guns,ries,andshotguns.The Second Edition has been expanded to include new informationon the use of DNA and cytology to associate a bullet re
35、covered at the sceneto a deceased;rubber and plastic bullets,hangres,slamres and woundsdue to assault ries.In addition,Dr.Di Maio has expanded on a number of topics not dis-cussed in the original edition and has updated and expanded on woundstructures and suicide investigation involving rearms.The n
36、al chaptersdeal with autopsy technique and procedure as well as the very pertinentlaboratory analysis relating to weapons and gunshot evidence.Gunshot Wounds:Practical Aspects of Firearms,Ballistics,and ForensicTechniques,Second Edition is written clearly and concisely.The text isaccented by numerou
37、s photographs that depict exactly what to look for andhow to interpret gunshot wounds and evidence.As I have said before;“With-out a doubt,this book is the most comprehensive text on gunshot woundsavailable today.Vernon J.Geberth,M.S.,M.P.S.Homicide and Forensic ConsultantRetired Homicide CommanderN
38、ew Y ork City Police Department1999 CRC Press LLC Acknowledgments I wish to thank the following individuals who aided me in the preparationof the second edition of this book:my wife,Theresa,for her encouragementand support;Gloria Delgado for her secretarial assistance;Suzanna Dana,M.D.,for proofread
39、ing the manuscript;and Rudyard Kipling for pointingout that“Iron Cold Iron is master of men all!”1999 CRC Press LLC 1999 CRC Press LLC Editors Note This textbook is part of a series entitled“Practical Aspects of Criminal andForensic Investigation.”This series was created by Vernon J.Geberth,NewYork
40、City Police Department Lieutenant Commander(Retired),who is anauthor,educator,and consultant on homicide and forensic investigations.This series has been designed to provide contemporary,comprehensive,and pragmatic information to the practitioner involved in criminal andforensic investigations by au
41、thors who are nationally recognized experts intheir respective elds.1999 CRC Press LLC 1999 CRC Press LLC Firearms and Ammunition“My wife yes;My dog maybe;My gun never!”Bumper sticker In order to interpret gunshot wounds,a certain basic knowledge of rearmsand ammunition is necessary.This chapter wil
42、l attempt to present suchinformation.Small Arms There are ve general categories of small arms:handguns,ries,shotguns,submachine guns,and machine guns.Handguns There are four basic types of handguns:1.Single-shot pistols2.Derringers3.Revolvers4.Auto-loading pistols(automatics)Single-shot pistols.A si
43、ngle-shot pistol has one ring chamber integralwith the barrel,which must be loaded manually each time the weapon is tobe red(Figure 1.1A).Derringers.They are a variant of single-shot pistols.Derringers are smallpocket rearms having multiple barrels,each of which is loaded and redseparately.The tradi
44、tional derringer has two barrels(Figure 1.1B).11999 CRC Press LLC Revolvers.The revolver is the most common type of handgun in the UnitedStates.Revolvers have a revolving cylinder that contains several chambers,each of which holds one cartridge.The cylinder is rotated mechanically soas to align each
45、 chamber successively with the barrel and ring pin.The rstrevolver was produced by Samuel Colt in 18351836.There are three types of revolvers,the most common of which is the“swingout”(Figure 1.2A).On pressing the cylinder latch,normally found onthe left side of the frame and pushing the cylinder to
46、the left,the cylinderswings out,exposing the chambers.Each individual chamber is then loadedwith a cartridge.The cylinder is then swung back into the frame,engagingthe cylinder latch.The weapon is now ready to be red.After discharge ofall the cartridges,the cylinder latch is pressed and the cylinder
47、 is swung out.Figure 1.1(A)Single-shot pistol;(B)derringer.1999 CRC Press LLC An ejector rod,affixed to the front of the cylinder,is pressed to the rear,ejecting the red cases.The cylinder is now ready to be reloaded.In break-top revolvers,the frame is hinged at the rear such that,on releaseof a top
48、 catch,the barrel and cylinder swing down,exposing the back of thecylinder for loading(Figure 1.2B).The opening action will also eject emptycases from the cylinder.This form of weapon is relatively uncommon in theUnited States,but is the traditional form of revolver in Great Britain.Figure 1.2(A)A 9
49、-mm revolver,swing-out type,with cylinder swung openexposing chambers;(B)break-top revolver with action open.1999 CRC Press LLC The solid-frame revolver is the oldest form of revolver,dating back toColts original weapons(Figure 1.3).In this weapon,the cylinder is held inthe frame by a central pin,ar
50、ound which it rotates.The back of this cylinderis never exposed completely by either“swinging out”or“breaking open.”Each chamber in the cylinder is loaded individually through a loading gateon the right side of the frame.The hammer of the weapon is typically pulledback to half cock,and the cylinder
