1、星际闪烁和散射,星际介质对信号传播的影响,星际介质分布在恒星和恒星之间,包括星际气体、星际尘埃、宇宙线与星际磁场。 星际介质对地球上所接受天体辐射信号的影响:1. 色散展宽(DM)2. 散射3. 法拉第旋转(Faraday Rotation)4. 星际闪烁(Scintillation)由一定尺度上的介质非均匀性引起,脉冲星星际介质的探针,脉冲星辐射是动态的信号:色散展宽,电子柱密度。 散射:导致轮廓展宽 脉冲星辐射具有偏振:法拉第旋转探测星际磁场分布。 脉冲星辐射被限制限制在很小的角径范围,近似点光源:星际闪烁。,2018/9/2,4,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng
2、,色 散,散射 导致脉冲轮廓展宽,2018/9/2,5,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,2018/9/2,6,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,散射 导致脉冲轮廓展宽,星际磁场引起的 法拉第旋转旋转量RM,星际闪烁,2018/9/2,8,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,经过薄屏后信号的相位和幅度的变化,展宽角径散射展宽,2018/9/2,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,9,薄屏模型可以较好地符合大部分观测现象,星际闪烁,Apparent source diameters,2018/9/
3、2,10,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,星际介质在空间的分布,空间分布理论模型,其中q=1/a为波数,湍流扰动尺度的倒数。:视线方向电子密度平均空间湍动强度。,=11/3:Kolmogorov谱当 4 时,陡谱模型 ( Bandford & Narayan 1985 )内尺度模型(inner scale)(Coles et al. 1987),2018/9/2,12,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,星际介质在空间的分布,薄屏模型:不均匀区的典型大小为a,厚度为D,各处的折射率不同,是随机分布的,平均折射率接近于1。,厚屏模型:弥漫于脉冲
4、星与观测者之间,2018/9/2,13,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,散射理论:等效屏模型,脉冲星星际闪烁,衍射式闪烁: Scheuer 1968; Rickett, 1969星际介质小空间尺度:1081010 cm;特征时标 : 1/D 几分钟到几小时,消相干带宽 : 1/D 100 KHz到几十MHz;,折射式闪烁:Sieber 1982; Rickett, 1984星际介质大空间尺度:10121014 cm;特征时标:几天到几月甚至年; D 1长期流量变化对衍射式闪烁的有关特征量例如特征时间,特征带宽,漂移模式等有调制作用。,4,4,Kolmogorov谱
5、(=11/3):,描述DISS动态谱(薄屏模型) Theory prediction of DISS parameters (Thin scattering screen model),2018/9/2,16,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,曲线变化,V iss: Pulsar transverse velocities derived from diffractive scintillation spectra:,Gupta (1994):,18,Thin screen,2018/9/2,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,19,=4,=1
6、1/3: Kolmogorov fluctuation spectrum,u=sF/sd : describe the scattering strengthsF is the Fresnel scale at the scattering disk at which the geometric phase difference is 1 radian compared to the direct path; sd is a scale at the observer at which the average phase changes is 1 radian. u1: strong scat
7、tering,2018/9/2,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,21,流量变化和调制指数,2018/9/2,22,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,2018/9/2,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,23,For nearby pulsars, the modulation is weak, and DISS will be main effect. For Kolmogorov spectrum, mu5/6 m1For larger DM, DISS effect is weaker, and m DM-1.
8、But RISS is stronger, with m u-1/3. (u D, so m DM-1/3),Oral presentation atIAUC 182Submitted to CJAA,d : d: Diffractive scintillation(DISS): short narrow Refractive scintillation(RISS): long wide,五颗脉冲星在1540 MHz的长期星际闪烁监测,每9天观测一次,数据2001年1月2002年6月积分26hr,子积分24min 被观测脉冲星:PSR B0329+54PSR B1823+26PSR B1929
9、+10PSR B2020+28PSR B2021+51,闪烁研究,Wang, N.; Manchester, R. N.; Johnston, S.; Rickett, Bet al.: 2005, MNRAS, 358, 270,2018/9/2,25,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,PSR B0329+54 的动态谱,DM26.8 pc cm-3 D = 1.06 kpc 3 hr 的观测 结果: td10-30 min d 5-15 MHz,2018/9/2,26,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,二维自相关分析,二维自相关 特征时间
10、和特征频率,闪烁二维动态谱,2018/9/2,28,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,二维自相关函数,2018/9/2,29,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,2018/9/2,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,30,Modelling ACFs for PSR B0329+54,strong scatteringthin diskKolmogorov spectrum,闪烁参数与频率的依赖关系,a. Bhat, Rao & Gupta 1999 b. Gupta, Rickett & Lyne 1994 c. St
11、inebring, Fainon & Mckinnon 1996 d. Our results,2018/9/2,32,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,Daily Observations of Interstellar Scintillation in PSR B0329+54,Obs: Mar 1231, 2004,Wang, N.; Yan, Z.; Manchetser, R. N. et al.: 2008, MNRAS,Daily Observations of Interstellar Scintillation in PSR B0329+54,调制系
12、数,对于Kolmogorov 谱,调制系数的理论值,调制系数理论和观测的对比,Modulation indices,Observed prediction !,闪烁参数的互相关 Cross correlation,Wang, N.; Yan, Z.; Manchetser, R. N. et al.: 2008, MNRAS, accepted,二次谱 Secondary Spectra, Two dimensional FFT of dynamic spectrum,Observing the structure of central image !,2018/9/2,Pulsar Work
13、shop, 2009, Beijng,40,Kolmogorov Spectrum =3.67,折射式衍射特征时间,Theory prediction:,Structure Function,衍射式星际闪烁的参量,TC93模型 Taylor & Cordes 1993,NE2001模型 Cordes & Lazio 2003 a,b,2018/9/2,45,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,闪烁和自行速度的相关性,Harrison & Lyne 1993,Gupta 1995,2018/9/2,46,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,Putn
14、ey & Stinebring 2006,2018/9/2,47,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,2018/9/2,48,Pulsar Workshop, 2009, Beijng,脉冲星的自行速度 脉冲星闪烁速度 银河系星际电子密度模型,Putney & Stinebring 2006,据已知的脉冲星速度和距离得到的脉冲星闪烁速度的期望值。,Gupta 1995,Bogdanov et al. 2002,消相关带宽周年变化图,闪烁参数和闪烁速度的周年变化 (星号是零星观测的的处理结果),闪烁时标周年变化,闪烁速度随时间变化图(X=1),一年观测得到的闪烁速度值为6513 km/s (x=1) 考虑到散射屏的位置,假设x=2,取得到的速度值为9218 km/s 与自行速度一致(Wang et al. 2008:902 km/s 和 Hobbs et al. 2005:9811 km/s )。,