1、第一章 初中英语语法English Gram构词法 名词 冠词第一章 构词法（word-formation）一、 构词法（word-formation）分为转换、派生、合成1. 转换：常用于动词和名词之间的转换1)不改变读音、重度音节，只转换单词词性e. g.单词名 词动 词cook厨师；炊事员烹调；煮；烧meet集会；会遇见；碰见；会见watch手表；守卫；观察观看；注视2）有些双音节词，作名词时，第一个音节重度；作动词时，第二个音节重度e. g. 名词 动词increase /inkri: s/ 增加 increase /inkri: s/增加3）有些词可以用读音变化改变词性e. g. e
2、xcuse /ikskju: s/（名）歉意；道歉；借口 excuse /ikskju: z/（动）原谅4）有些形容词可以转化为动词e. g. He slowed down at the crossroad./ Please warm up the cold meat.2. 派生1） 前缀：加前缀一般不改变词类，而只是改变原词的词义 构成反义词的前缀dis- disagree disappear dislikeim- impolite impossibleun- unable uncertain unhappy 一些表示特定意思的前缀down 往下 downloadkilo 千 kilomet
3、reman 人，由人 man-mademis 错误地 mistake misunderstandre 重新，再次 rebuild retell 可以改变词性的前缀a- 加在名词前构成形容词或副词 asleep aboard asideen- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词 encourage enable enrich2） 后缀：加后缀一般改变词性 名词后缀-an African American-er dancer driver reporter-ing feeling reading-ion action decision-ment development government-ness ha
4、ppiness sadness-or actor visitor-tion invention pronunciation-ure failure pleasure形容词后缀-an American African-en golden wooden-ese Chinese Japanese-ful beautiful hopeful useful-ive active expensive-less careless endless useless-ly friendly-ous nervous dangerous-y dirty rainy副词后缀 -ly carefully happily
5、clearly数词后缀 -teen thirteen -ty twenty -th fifth3. 合成1) 合成名词 词加名词 basketball 形容词加名词 blackboard 动词-ing形式+另一词 dining-room2) 合成形容词 形容词+动词-ing形式 hard-working 形容词+过去分词 kind-hearted 名词+过去分词 man-made 名词+动词-ing形式 man-eating peace-loving3) 合成动词 词+动词 water-ski 副词+动词 overeat overcome 形容词/副词+动词 white-wash4) 合成副词
6、、代词 合成副词 upstairs beforehand 合成代词 myself everything4. 其他构词法 1）缩短法 telephonephone2）前后各截部分 refrigeratorfridge3）缩写法*结束第二章 名词（Nouns）一、 名词的数：名词复数的构成规则1） 规则复数变化多数在词尾加-s 以s, x,ch, sh结尾的名词加-es e. g. matchmatches 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，改y为i，再加-es e. g. storystories 以f，fe结尾的名词，一般把f，fe改为v，再加-es e. g. leafleaves但也有只加-s e
7、. g. roofroofs 以o结尾的名词，多数加-es e. g. heroheroes但也有只加-s e. g. pianopianos注：以 o 结尾的名词，我们可按下面一条规律来记住它们的复数形式： 指人和农作物的加 -es、其他的加 -s. （或者是有生命的加 -es，无生命的加 -s）2） 不规则变化名词单复数同形 e. g. sheep, deer, fish单词拼写中变化元音字母 e. g. manmen toothteeth有些是用-en做词尾构成复数形式 e. g. childchildren oxoxen表示某国人的单词，单复数形式分为三种：A.单复数相同 a Chin
8、esefive ChineseB.词尾加-s an Americanseven AmericansC. 变-man为-men an Englishmanten Englishmen3） 复合名词的复数形式1.将复合名词中的主题名词变为复数形式 e. g. new-comernew-comers2.没有主题名词的，则在词尾加-s e. g. grown-upgrown-ups3.以man或woman开头的复合词，名词都要变为复数形式e. g. man-doctormen-doctors4.其他合成的词，只把最后一个词变为复数 eg. boy friendboy friends5.由两部分组成的物
9、体名词和其他一些名词常用复数形式e. g. trousers, clothes, scissors6.专有名词一般为不可数名词，但是表示某姓一家或夫妇和同名同姓若干时，用复数e. g. The Browns have gone to the cinema.7.在做定语的合成词中，名词要用单数形式e. g. an eighty-three-year-old grandpa8.以-s结尾的专有名词有两种情况A. 表示国家、报纸等名词看做单数 e. g. the United StatesB. 表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、奥运会等专有名词看做复数，谓语也用复数形式e. g. The Alps are in
10、 Europe.名词复数词尾加-s或-es的读音规则如下表构成方法读 音例 词在词尾加-s1. 在清辅音后读作/s/2. 在浊辅音后读作/z/1.desks/desks/ map/mps/2.miles/mailz/ seas/si: z/1.在以/s, z, , , t, d/等音结尾的词之后加-es2.如词尾为e，只加-s-（e）s读作/iz/1.classes/kla: ziz/Brushes/briz/2.pages/peidiz/如词尾为-f或-fe，则一般变为-ves-ves读作/vz/leafleaves/li: vz/以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，改y为i，再加-es-ies读作/
11、iz/partyparties/pa: tiz/以元音+y结尾的名词，加-s-s读作/z/boys/biz/以o结尾的名词，多数加-es-es读作/z/Heroes/hiruz/以-th结尾的名词，加-s1.在长元音后，-ths读作/z/2.在短元音或辅音后-ths读作/s/1.mouths/mauz/2.months/mns/二、 名词的种类： 普通名词个体名词，集体名词（可数）物质名词，抽象名词（不可数）专有名词1） 普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词 个体名词：表示单个的人或物e. g. tree树 doctor医生 cup杯子 apple苹果 表示一群人或一些事物
12、的总称e. g. crowd人群 army军队 class班级 family家庭 group小组，团队police警方 team队 public公众 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质e. g. tea茶 paper纸 snow雪 cloth布 wood木头sugar糖 meat肉 sand沙 ink墨水 coffee咖啡 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等方面的抽象概念e. g. happiness幸福 work工作 music音乐 experience经历pride骄傲 failure失败 protection保护2） 专有名词3） 可数名词和不可数名词可数名词：其所表示的事物可以用数来
13、计算，前面可用不定冠词a，an和数词，有复数形式不可数名词：其所表示的事物不可以用数来计算，前面不能用不定冠词a，an和数词，没有复数形式。需表示数量时， 表示量的词或短语a piece of 一片，一块 a cup of一杯 a bottle of一瓶a bag of一袋 a glass of一玻璃杯1、 只用于可数的名词个体名词一般是可数的。单数可数名词不能独立使用，前面必须有限定词a，an，the，my等；但复数名词可以独立使用e. g. 她做作业时，经常出差错。错 She often makes mistake in her homework.对 She often makes a m
14、istake in her homework.对 She often makes (some) mistakes in her homework.Pandas are found in Sichuan.熊猫生在四川。2、 只用于不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词一般是不可数名词e. g. How much meat, fish and bread do you want?3、 既可以用于可数也可以用于不可数的名词 一些名词看做个体时为可数名词，看做物质或空间时为不可数名词e. g. How many chickens have they got? 她们有多少只鸡？（个体）Would you like
15、 some chicken? 你要吃点鸡肉吗？（物质）e. g. Leave a space after that word. 在那个词后面留个空。（个体）The moon is quite near in space. 在太空中月亮离我们很近。（空间） 一些不可数名词在表示某些特殊意义时，可以用作可数名词e. g. I want an evening paper.我要一张晚报。Its a pleasure to meet you.见到你是件高兴的事。4、集体名词的可数与不可数1）表示无生命的集体名词通常是不可数的e. g. They wear very little clothing.他们衣
16、服穿得很少。注：hair泛指头发/fruit泛指水果等，是集体名词，不可数；如果指单个的则是个体名词e. g. Go and have your hair cut.去把头发理一理。He has a few white hairs.他有几根白头发。2）有些有生命的集体名词，复数词尾不加s，而谓语动词用复数形式e. g. The Chinese people are very friendly.中国人民很友好。注：当people意为“民族”时，单数前加不定冠词a，复数后加s；policeman指具体某个警察时为个体名词，可数的。5、有的集合名词，有时作单数看，谓语用单数；有时作复数看，用复数。一般
17、来说，视为整体时作单数看，提及它的成员时作复数看。e. g. His family isnt large.他家不大。（指整个家庭，作单数看）His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。（指家庭成员，作复数看）三、 名词的格1） 名词所有格的构成法 在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词后面加“s”e. g. my mothers room the childrens book 以s结尾的单数名词后面加“”或“s”均可 e. g.my boss/bosss office 以s结尾的复数名词后只需加“”e. g. the ladies room 复合名词的所有格，
18、是在后面的一个名词后加“s”e. g. an hour and a halfs talkhis brother-in-laws photo 如果一样东西为几个人所共有，则在最后一个名词后加s；如果不是共有，则在每个名词后都加se. g. These are Tom and Jacks books.（两个人共有）/These are Toms and Jacks books.2） 名词所有格的用法 名词所有格主要用于表示人或有生命的名词 用于由人组成的集体名词 e. g. the Partys call党的号召 也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后A、用于表示时间的名词e. g. It was a
19、 summers morning.B、用于表示距离、价格的名词后e. g. Its about an hours drive from here.C、用于表示国家、城市等地方的名词e. g. Its the citys finest park.3） 名词所有格所修饰词的省略 表示住处、店铺等地点名词常可省略e. g. Im going to my aunts tonight.(my aunts=my aunts house) 所有格所修饰的词，如刚刚提到则可以省略，以避免重复e. g.Whose seat is this? Its Marys.4） 表示所有关系的of短语的用法 用of短语表示
20、所有关系，主要用于无生命的东西 e. g. the door of the room 有时of短语也可以用于表示有生命的东西e. g. the son of an engineer5） 双重所有格的用法双重所有格是一种表示部分概念或含有感情色彩的结构，它含有强调或者突出的作用，其结构是“of短语+名词所有格”，其含义是“其中之一”或“其中一部分”e. g. an old friend of my fathers=one of my fathers old friends注：有时双重所有格与“of+名词”结构含义不同，e. g. a picture of Lis 李所有照片的一张a pictur
21、e of Li 李的一张肖像He is a friend of your husbands.他是你丈夫的一个朋友。（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）He is a friend of your husband.他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）*2012中考真题欣赏【2012湖北随州】21. The _ often eat grass on the hill.A. chickenB. horseC. cowD. sheep【答案】D【解析】选D。此题考查名词的可数与不可数。Chicken，horse和cow的复数形式应该加s,而sheep的单复数形式相同，同时动词eat说明应该填复数形式，由
22、此选D。【2012贵州贵阳】34. “What do we need for the salad?” “We need two apples and three _.”A. orange B. tomatoes C. broccoli【答案】B考查名词的用法。orange意为“橘子”，是可数名词；tomato意为“西红柿”，是可数名词；broccoli意为“西兰花”，是不可数名词。根据句意：你们的沙拉还需要些什么？我们需要两个苹果和三个西红柿。故选B.【2012贵州毕节】28. I have _ in learning English and Im so worried. Could you
23、help me with it?Sure, Id love to.A. joyB. interestC. troubleD. fun【答案】C考查名词的辨析。joy“快乐”；interest“兴趣”；trouble“困难”；fun“有趣”。根据“我很担心”以及“你可以帮助我吗”可知此处表示“我英语学习有困难”，故选C。【2012.安徽省】46. The man tried several times to start the car, and he succeeded_.A. in the pastB. in the endC. at firstD. at once【答案】B【2012广东】2
24、8. The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many_ there.A. birdB. duckC. sheepD. Rabbit【答案】C【2012广西玉林】32. The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of _ from it.A. thingB. messageC. informationsD. information【答案】D【2012广西玉林】36. What is your favorite food?I like _ best. I had a large bow
25、l last night.A. potato noodleB. potatoes noodlesC. potato noodlesD. potatoes noodles【答案】C【2012贵州安顺】12. Could you please give some _ to the _ teachers?A. advice; manB. advices; menC. suggestion; manD. suggestions; men【答案】D【2012贵州毕节】22. Could you please pass me something to eat?What about some _?A. wa
26、terB. orangeC. fishD. tea【答案】C 考查名词的辨析。water“水”；orange“橘子汁；桔子”；fish“鱼”；tea“茶”。根据something to eat可以判断属于吃的东西只有fish，故选C。【2012贵州铜仁】25. Could you tell me whats the _ of it? Well, its an oval.A. timeB. dateC. shapeD. size【答案】C【解析】此题考查词义辨析。time“时间”，date“日期”，shape”形状”，his“尺寸”，根据答句句意：它是一个椭圆。故问句应该是问形状的。故选C。【解
27、析】此题考查数词。根据句意：今年大约五分之三的九年级学生出生在九十年代。分数的分子用基数词，分母为序数词。分子不是一的，分母序数词加S。表示年代的要在后面加“s”。故选B。【2011湖北恩施】21. How far is it from your home to school?Its about twenty _ walk.A. minutesB. minutesC. minutes【答案】B【2012湖北十堰】28. Heres Lucys plan for one week during her summer vacation. What kind of plan is this?A. A
28、 trip planB. A party planC. An eating planD. An exercise plan【答案】C【2012湖北武汉】33. If by any chance Peter comes to us ,please ask him to leave a _.A. letter B. sentenceC. message D. notice【答案】C【2012湖北咸宁】23.Mrs. Zhang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.She said she would neve
29、r forget some pleasant _while working there.A. experimentsB. expressionsC. experiencesD. emotions【答案】C【2012湖北孝感】24. I think computers are very useful. They can help us get much on the Internet.A. gameB. informationC. ideaD. message【答案】B【2012湖北孝感】25. Several years ago, people knew Yao Ming. But now h
30、e is well-known all over the world, not only in China.A. fewB. littleC. manyD. most【答案】A【2012湖北宜昌】31. Do you know the of the Confucius Institutes（学院）around the world?More than three hundred, I guess.A. listB. nameC. numberD. country【答案】C【2012湖北宜昌】32. China is beginning to test the air quality with t
31、he new standard（标准）PM2.5.Good news! Then the old PM10 standard will be _.A. out of styleB. here and thereC. on the wayD. in a hurry【答案】A【2012湖南怀化】【答案】A【2011湖南株洲】22. Bananas, apples and oranges are all _.A. fruits B. vegetables C. drinks【答案】A考查名词辨析。fruits意为“水果”；vegetables意为“蔬菜”；drinks意为“饮料”。根据句意“香蕉苹果
32、和橘子都是水果。”故选A。【2012江苏淮安】7. Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball in NBA.A. actorsB. playersC. waitersD. writers【答案】B【2012江苏南京】3. -Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?-Yes, I think a _tree can help you a lot.A. grammarB. equationC. punctuationD. vocabulary【答案】D【2012江苏无锡】1. The actio
33、n film has attracted millions of young people to the cinema.A. 130-minuteB. 130-minutesC. 130 minuteD.130 minutes【答案】A【2012江苏无锡】9. Jason is too stubborn sometimes. I quite . But hes always friendly to others.A. acceptB. argueC. agreeD. admire【答案】C【2012江苏无锡】12.Mans understanding of nature is developi
34、ng . It never stays at the same level.A. at the right timeB. for the first timeC. from time to timeD. all the time【答案】D【2012江苏宿迁】8. Where can I buy some books, Simon?Go to the_in the shopping mall in Old Street. You will find many books there.A. restaurantB. bookshopC. cinemaD. library【答案】B【2012江苏扬州
35、】4.Wish you a pleasant journey! Thanks! Ill give you a as soon as I arrive in Paris.A. ringB. handC. rideD. present【答案】A【2012江苏扬州】5. We all know that paper burns in _.A. COB. NC. OD. CO【答案】C【2012江苏镇江】10. - Mr Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.- Yes, I know. He told me
36、 he would never forget his pleasant _ while working there,A. experiments B. expressionsC. experiences D. explorations【答案】C【2012江西】27. If you go to visit London, dont forget your _ because it rains a lot.A. passportB. moneyC. mapD. unbrella【答案】D【2012辽宁大连】10.The _ of the great book, The Adventures of
37、Tom Sawyer, is Mark Twain.A. themeB. priceC. ownerD. writer【答案】D【2012辽宁大连】6.Liu Xiang won the first Olympic gold _ in the 110m hurdles for China.A. medal B. prizeC. symbol D. record【答案】A【2012年广东省】28. The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _there.A. birdB. duckC. sheepD. rabbit【答案】C*
38、配套练习题及答案选择填空：1. I want to buy _.A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of inkC. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks2. They dont have to do _ today.A. much homework B. many homeworksC. many homework D. much homeworks3. The _ of machine made us feel sick.A. voice B. noiseC. sound D. noises4. The bl
39、ouse is made of _.A. a woolB. these woodC. woolsD. wool5. There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheepC. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps6. June 1 is _.A. childrens day B. childrens DayC. Childrens Day D. Childrens day7. _ room is next to their parents.A. Kates and Joans B. K
40、ates and JoanC. Kate and Joans D. Kate and Joan8. Miss Green is a friend of _.A. Marys mothers B. Marys motherC. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary9. Tom is _. He will come to see me.A. my a friend B. a friendC. mine friend D. a friend of mine10. Sheep _ white and milk _ also white.A. is, are B. are, i
41、sC. is, is D. are, are11. Id like to have a glass of milk and _.A. two breads B. two pieces of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread12. Its a long _ to Paris. Its two thousand kilometers.A. street B. roadC. way D. end13. Many _ are singing over there.A. woman B. womenC. girl D. child14. He bought _.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoesC. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe15. Mr. White has three _.A. child B. childrenC. childs D. childrens16. Beijing is one of the biggest _ in the world.A. citys
