1、历年考研英语试题命题特点及规律 (阅读理解 A 部分)第二部分阅读理解 A 部分命题的特点和规律阅读理解 A 部分试题主要是考查考生对英语词汇、短语、句型等习惯表达方式，尤其是对出现在篇章中的语言知识和语言技能的掌握情况。从另一方面来说，它也包含了对英语国家和世界其他国家的政治、经济、文化、历史、社会等背景以及科技发展动态、热门话题乃至西方人的思维、交流方式等非语言性知识和学习能力方面的考查。因此，阅读理解 A部分试题是一个综合性很强的能力测试试题。阅读能力一直是各种英语考试考查的重点。在全国硕士研究生入学考试中阅读理解的 A 部分占了整个试卷分值的 40%，而且其他部分与阅读理解也密切相关。
2、英译汉以它为基础。完形填空只有理解整篇文章的意思才能选对答案。分析典型范文又是写作的基础。此外，掌握外语最重要的两个因素 - 词汇量和语感，都是主要通过阅读获得的。因此考生要在考研英语中获得成功，阅读理解是关键。一、阅读理解 A 部分命题的基本指导思想1大纲对阅读理解 A 部分的评价目标命题小组在设计试题时，一方面要在试题中考查考生是否能够读懂不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的 3%，包括信函、书报和杂志上的文章)，而且还考查考生是否能够读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明、产品介绍等。根据所读材料，考生应该能够：(1)理解主旨要旨 ;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解文
3、中的概念性含义;(4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;(5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;(6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;(7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;(8)区分论点和论据。2阅读理解 A 部分命题的基本原则试题质量的优劣关系到考试是否达到预期目的，因此命制试题是整个考试的中心环节。命题小组在命制试题时必须遵循以下基本原则：(1)试题应该严格按照考试大纲的要求进行命题，即按照考试大纲规定的评价目标和试卷结构进行命题。命题内容不超过大纲的评价目标，题型和题量也要严格按照大纲的规定。在选取阅读理解 A 部分的文章时，要注意文章的选材范围和难度，力图让考生在充分理解文章的基础上对问题做出正
4、确的回答，同时要使试题具有适当的难度和较高的效度、信度和区分度。(2)试题指向性必须清楚、准确、周密，易于理解，不出怪题、偏题。试题应该无科学性错误和避免不健康的、带有各种偏见的语言材料。答案要明确、合理、惟一。(3)在命制阅读理解 A 部分试题时，应该特别注意以下四个方面：第一，必须以考查获得信息为目的，不以考查语法或词汇为目的。当然考查考生通过上下文猜测词义的能力还是必要的。第二，应该避免出只根据一般常识而不用阅读文章就能得出答案的题目。第三，以考查文章提供的主信息为重点，考查考生挖掘文章中的信息能力为目的，命制考查多种层次、多种范畴信息的题目。第四，考查点对语言材料内容的覆盖面应该尽可能
5、全面，这是阅读理解 A 部分试题命制的最重要的原则。(4)题干和选项的命制应该遵循的几个原则如下：首先，关于题干的命制。第一，题干应仅描述一个单一的问题，最好是一个问句或一个不完全的陈述句。题干和选项皆不宜过长，都要简洁、清楚，考点明确，尽量减少不必要的词语。在各选项中共同使用的文字或术语应该反映在题干上。第二，题干和选项中不应含有与所考查内容无关的材料。尽量避免在题干中使用否定词。一旦在题干中出现了否定词，应该特别予以强调，如用黑体或者全大写。第三，题干与正确选项应避免使用相同的修饰词语，以防给考生提供选择答案的线索。第四，题干与每一个选项的搭配都应该在逻辑上、形式上、语气上完整无缺。命制试
6、题时不能只留心题干与正确选项的搭配和表述，而忽视与干扰项的搭配，使考生得到暗示。各选项必须互不包容，否则，他们间的逻辑关系就会暗示正确选项，而使该题失去其应有的效度。其次，关于备选项的命制。第一，各选项的长度、难度和语言结构应该大致相同。因为如果在命制这类试题时，命题者为使正确项绝对正确，致使其长度或结构异于其他选项，那么这些有异选项往往会成为考生乱猜的对象。第二，各干扰项要有迷惑性，才能起到适当的干扰作用。一方面干扰项不能错得太明显，否则形同虚设，反而使考生比较容易利用排除法找到正确答案;另一方面，大部分考生都选择某一干扰项也不理想。第三，同一个题目的选项的排列应按同一原则、同一逻辑顺序、同
7、一规律和方向进行。例如可以按照时间的先后、数值的大小等规律排列。各题应该大致按从易到难的顺序排列。因为考生在临场应试时有个逐渐适应的过程。这样的排列会使他们稳定情绪，顺利进入正常的心理状态。试卷中正确选项字母序号(如 A.，B.，C.，D.)出现的次数应该大致相等，这样可避免某些考生因只猜某一选项而“幸运地 ”获取高分的可能性。最后，关于干扰项的特点。通过对历年考研真题的分析和研究，我们总结了干扰项的如下特点：第一，看似合理，实则以偏概全、断章取义。要么利用在文章中没有提到的生活常识编造选项;要么把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。因此考生一定要从文中找依据、找答案，
8、“合理项” 不一定就是正确选项。在主旨题和主要观点题中，应该排除细节干扰，把握文章的主题。第二，偷梁换柱，张冠李戴。要么对原句中的细微处做了改动，要么截取原文中有的词语或类似的结构进行编造。要么在备选项中把因说成果、把别人的观点或作者反对的观点说成是作者的观点。因此考生要注意，过于相似的选项不一定正确，除非它的程度、范围等都与原文完全一致。考生要注意：“原词越多，对的可能性也就越小”。第三，用常规含义代替偏用词义。在英语语言中，许多词或短语存在多义的现象，考生如果只掌握其常用的基本词义是不够的。在阅读实践中，更不能用已掌握的常用词义去代替偏用词义，从而导致对词或句意的误解或费解。命题者在命制词
9、义句意题时，就通常把要考查的词或句意的常规含义作为干扰项以麻痹考生。因此，考生必须根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义。第四，过度引申。备选项虽然是从原文中推理引申出来的，但是却超出了文章允许的范围。考生切勿过度发挥，一切以原文为本。二、阅读理解 A 部分文章的选择阅读理解 A 部分的文章自 2002 年起改为四篇，每篇由四个至六个段落构成(也有例外，如：2002 年第四篇共九段)。每篇的长度控制在 400500 个单词左右。1题材的选取从历年试题命制的情况看，主要是西方国家尤其是美、英、加和日本等国广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。其内容包罗万象，社会生活类文章在命题中占据了绝大部分，带有普及性质
10、的自然科学和科技方面的文章以及商业经济文章基本上每年都会涉及。命题所选文章的题材虽然广泛，但是按照一般的命题原则，题目的内容应该以不超出短文所给的为限，考生仅凭文章提供的信息就可以做出正确的判断。但是这并不意味着，宽广的知识与阅读理解 A 部分无关，相反，考生如果平时注意积累这方面的知识，则会大大地提高考试成绩。历年题材分配如下：2000 年2009 年 社会生活、伦理 科普 商业经济 历史文化教育合计 14 9 11 8百分比 34% 21% 26% 19%2文章的来源所选文章多来自较新的英文资料，能很好的反映当代英语语言的特点。社会生活和文化教育的文章主要来源于：Newsweek (新闻周
11、刊)，Time (时代周刊)，The Washington Post (华盛顿邮报)，USA Today (今日美国)，The Times (泰晤士报) ，The Guardian (卫报)和 wwwusnewscom (美国新闻在线) 。科普类文章主要来源于：National Geographic (国家地理杂志) ，Scientific American (科学美国人)，Science (科学杂志 )，New Scientists (新科学家 )， Discovery (探索杂志)，Nature (自然) 。商业经济类文章主要来源于：Business Week (商业周刊)，The Eco
12、nomist (经济学家杂志)和 Wall Street Journal (华尔街杂志) 。其他：Telegraph (英国电信日报)，Independent (独立日报) 和 International Herald Tribune (国际先驱论坛)。3文章的体裁从历年命制的试题看，被选取的文章的体裁绝大多数为议论性的、评论性的和报道性的;多为分析论证的文章，很少有纯抒发情感和描写风景的文学篇章。这同攻读硕士学位研究生期间将面对的大量概括性强、抽象思维为主的材料有关。简言之，主要有论说文、说明文和新闻报道。清楚了解考研文章的体裁特点，有助于考生把握文章结构，理清作者阐述脉络，从而轻松解题。议
13、论文的特点是：(1)写作目的是陈述观点或表明态度 ;(2)文章围绕一个中心展开，各个段落之间关系紧密，无论是反证还是正面论述，都分别是从不同的角度和侧面阐述这一中心;(3)每一段也是围绕一个中心，段落内部句子之间关系紧密。说明文的特点是以事实为主，观点为辅。对于此类文章，细节题目较多，考生应着重把握具体信息的真伪、程度和作者的态度。三、各类题型的特点及解答技巧(一)主旨题该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高，每年必出。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。主旨题可分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。命题模式如下：1文章主旨题(1) The
14、passage is mainly about.(2) What is the main point the author makes in the passage?(3) Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage?(4) What is the main topic for this passage?(5) The proper subject of this article is.(6) The best title for this passage might be.(7) What the aut
15、hor tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.(8) The passage was written to explain.2段落主旨题(1) From the first (2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, etc) paragraph, we learn that.(2) From the last (1 st, 2 nd, etc) paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that.(3) We learn from the first (last, etc) paragraph that.3隐蔽的文
16、章主旨题(1) From the passage we learn (infer) that.(2) What can be inferred from the passage?(3) What the author tries to suggest may be interpreted as.ExampleMuch of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it soun
17、d like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a
18、blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 23% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, befor
19、e rising slightly to 25% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970 s and early 1980 s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflat
20、ion rate would average 35% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 26% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past coup
21、le of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little producti
22、ve slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (56% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment - the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild?
23、The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.(1997 年 Passage 5)From the passage we learn that.A. th
24、ere is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB. economy will always follow certain modelsC. the economic situation is better than expectedD. economists had foreseen the present economic situation题干问的是从整个文章可以推断出下面哪个说法，实际上是在变相地问全文的中心思想是什么。全文都在论述目前的经济形势比预想的要好很多(C.选项) 。第一段和第二段提到经济运
25、行难以预测，然而近来经济形势却比往年都好。第三段首句又提到“它( 指平均通货膨胀率)比多数预测者预测的数字要低” ，接着通过具体数据对此观点加以说明。第四段首句也指出“经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异 ”。4主旨题的特点无论是在段落中还是在文章中，是明显还是隐蔽，主旨的提出主要有四种情况。(1)首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。ExampleThe full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens al
26、ike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia - wh
27、ere an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the
28、 dominoes to start falling.(1997 年 Passage 1)From the second paragraph we learn that.A. the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB. physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC. changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD. it takes
29、time to realize the significance of the laws passage该段是典型的首句主旨题。以首句为段落主题句，其他各句都围绕此句展开论述。正确答案为 D.选项。考生若对 sink in 理解有困难，还可以从段落总结归纳出主旨大意。(2)文章中间或段落中间给出中心。ExampleCould the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to
30、 almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 19791980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So wher
31、e are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good r
32、easons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970 s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970 s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big change
33、s in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive indu
34、stries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices a
35、veraged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 025%05% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies - to which heavy industry has shift
36、ed - have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970 s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable p
37、ortion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. (2002年 Text 3)We can draw a conclusion from the text that.A. oil-price shocks are less shock
38、ing nowB. inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC. energy conservation can keep down the oil pricesD. the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry文章前面两段描述出一种现象，指出最近石油价格大幅上涨;接着在文章中间部分提出文章主旨“这次油价上涨不会造成经济衰退的原因” ，并在以后各段分别论述这些原因。正确答案为 A.选项。这里涉及的阅读技巧是当有 but, however, yet, while
39、 之类的转折连词出现时，该篇/段/意群/句的中心往往是这些词后面的部分。(3)文章末段或段落末句对全文或全段进行总结归纳，得出中心思想。ExampleScattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting
40、 plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that ma
41、rk the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean
42、are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible
43、 to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-
44、spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that
45、propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so th
46、at the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).(1998 年 Passage 5)The passage is mainly about.A. the features of volcanic activitiesB. the importance of the th
47、eory about drifting platesC. the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD. the process of the formation of volcanoes文章总共三段，第一段对热点下定义：热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。第二段和第三段主要论述热点理论的作用。全文主旨句是第三段的前两句，它们承上启下，指出热点不仅有参照作用，还对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程提供了解释。正确答案为 C.选项。(4)文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结，自己推出主旨。ExampleA his
48、tory of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unpa
49、ralleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980 s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in th
