1、rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier an
2、d approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants duty consumption further. Implementing an “hon
3、est canteen“, standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research “village officials“ capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group .18 session to be held in Be
4、ijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secr
5、etary pointed out that Chinas reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of i
6、deas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the “five in one“ the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a “five in one“ and the improveme
7、nt of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the partys construction in the area of institutional reform. The “five in one“ programme is to achieve a comprehensive ref
8、orm of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have
9、been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the partys Congress, on the th
10、eme “personnel“, discussing election Centrals top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the gene
11、ral election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the thirdplenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded
12、with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic
13、 meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of Chinas economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session
14、of “taking class struggle as the key link,“ shifted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and recti
15、fy the economic order; 14 . Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the peoples interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartia
16、lly according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the s
17、ystem power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To form
18、 a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, mus
19、t adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture. To improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market
20、system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real inte
21、rest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the1、动 物语 言和人 类语言的区别表现 在：功能开放。 动物“语言” 所能传递的信息固定有限，是封闭的系统；相反，人类语言是开放的系统，能够传递的信息无限地丰富；构造灵巧。开放的功能要求语言有高度的运转能力，这要靠语言本身的构造来保证。人 类语言具有远非动物“ 语言 ”所能企及的合理、灵巧的构造；任意性离散性层级性习得。 强调发音能力和抽象思维能力。语言是人类和其他动
22、物分道扬镳的最后的、最重要的 标志。2、幼儿说话阶 段0-1.5 岁 咿呀期1.5-2 岁 独词句阶段2 岁 双词句阶段2.5-3 岁 电报体阶段4-5 岁 接近成人阶段12 岁是学习语言的临界期；1 岁半-5 岁是学话的黄金期。3、语 言符号的特点：语言的符号性：符号及符号的构。有特定的语音表达出来的意义才成为语义语言符号的特点：任意性：就语言的起源、自然性而言“约定俗成” 出自 荀子正名：“名无固实，约之以命实，约定俗成谓之实名。 ”线条性：符号的使用只能在时间的 线条上绵延，依次出现，是单维的以上特点由瑞士学者索绪尔在普通语言学教程中指出4、语 言的社会功能：语言是人类最重要的交际工具；
23、语言是一种特殊的社会现象语言是具有全民性而没有阶级性的语言既不属于经济基础也不属于上层建筑，这两方面的改变都不能从本质上改变语言语言是社会生活的记录语言本身可以提供大量信息语言是民族关系的见证5、语 言的思 维功能：语言是认知的伴侣；a)语 言是认知的工具语言在认识的过程中起着固定认识成果的作用，词语的发展也反映了社会认知的发展（人类）b)学话的过程也就是认识世界的过 程（个人）语言是思维的重要工具a) 抽象思维 需要语言b) 形象思维 不需要语言c) 思维是全人类共同的，但 语言是各民族不同的语言是信息的载体。编码发送传递接受解码6、语 言基 础研究、语言的应用研究、语言的交叉研究语言的基础
24、研究转码是语言的作为交际工具的功能所要求的，推 动着人们对语言本身的研究，属于语言的基本研究范围。目的：弄清语言本身的基本情况，为 学习、 应用和研究提供必要的信息。rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid p
25、rogress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive ref
26、orm of the system of public servants duty consumption further. Implementing an “honest canteen“, standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research “village officials“ capitalization manag
27、ement of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group .18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the w
28、orld expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that Chinas reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to cr
29、ack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the “five in one“ the General layout of socialist moderniza
30、tion requirements, 18 session of the decision was a “five in one“ and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the partys construction in the area of
31、institutional reform. The “five in one“ programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importa
32、nce on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Commi
33、ttee in a plenary session was held immediately after the partys Congress, on the theme “personnel“, discussing election Centrals top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Milit
34、ary Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the thirdplenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentr
35、ate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic ref
36、orm in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of Chinas economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist mar
37、ket economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of “taking class struggle as the key link,“ shifted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13
38、session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 . Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the peoples interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enfor
39、cement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let
40、the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, an
41、d strive to achieve cadres honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session,
42、 building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture.
43、To improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social p
44、rograms and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the语言的应用研究研究语言学的各种应用，属于 应用 语言学的范围，它运用 语言学的理 论方法和基础研究的成果来阐明、解决其他领域中出现的语言问题。语言的交叉研究语言学和相关学科不但相互借鉴，还彼此合作。共同开
45、 发边缘的研究 领域，建立起一系列新的交叉学科。这方面的研究涉及语言跟其他现象的关系，属于交叉研究的范 围。学科之间的交叉渗透，是当前科学发展的一大潮流，交叉学科的大量产生是当代科学的一大 标志。这三种研究的划分是相对的，其间 并不存在一个绝对的界线。而且 这 三种研究，乃至每一语言学的分支学科，都是相辅相成的。所以，语言学的各种研究虽有层次和类型的差别，但无高下之分。过分地夸大某种研究的重要性而轻视甚至排斥某种研究，都不利于 语言学的健康发 展。7、语 言单 位的切分原 则语言单位的切分，从不同的句子中切分出一个个单位，首先考 虑的是他 们有无相同的功能。从句子中切分出“词”这样 的单位，其
46、主要目的在于看他们能否直接组成句子，或者充当句子的成分（实词）或者再造句中起语法等作用（虚词）。切分语素的标 准主要同表达意义有关。 语素是最小的有意 义的单位。切分是，既要看切分出来的片段能否以相同的意义在不同的上下文中出现，还要看这些片段本身能否在切分成更小的有意义的单位。8、语 言的机制预设机制人在使用自然语言时，有很多不言自明的 预设，否 则交际就会比较困 难。例：吃核桃、吃花生吃其仁儿吃排骨、吃鸡 蛋吃排骨肉、吃蛋白蛋黄排除机制表现在语义、构词、 语音、书写等方面例：打人、打酱油补偿机制与排除机制并行例：她又说了一遍， 请再说一遍多余机制例：我给了他一把刀我给了他一刀类推机制例：生物
47、（学）研究所、动物（学）研究所对称机制例：花好月圆、花香鸟语经济机制表现为省略例：我的眉毛像姑姑（的眉毛）9、语 音四要素：1）音高：声音的高低，由 发音体的形状以及振动频率的快慢决定；2）音强（音量）：声音的强弱，由声波振幅的大小决定；3）音长：声音的长短，又声波持 续时间 的长短决定；4）音质（音色）：不同声音的本质或个性，又称音质、音品，由音波的波形不同决定音色不同的三个条件：发音物体的不同：声带是否振动；发音方法的不同：肺里面呼出的气流遇到的阻碍，用什么方法来克服； rapid development of the market economy environment to explo
48、re public servants duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent
49、 years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants duty consumption further. Implementing an “honest canteen“, standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research “village officials“ capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Fi
