1、Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been gi
2、ven support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, w
3、ater, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution,
4、 “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than
5、2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing t
6、imber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “
7、bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral
8、resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary Riv
9、er Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of
10、three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivost
11、ok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the “Orienta
12、l Maginot line“ of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi论跨国公司与全球化生产跨国经营，全球化背景下中国企业的必然选择在全球经济一体化趋势不断加强的背景下，研究探讨企业国际化经营问题具有特殊意义。一般而言，国际化经营是一个国家加入 WTO 后经济发展的必然趋势。从事国际化经营将是中国企业在全球化的世界经济中生存和发展的必然选择。经济全球化是世界经济发展的客观过程和必然趋势,是包括信息技术在内的科学技术快速发展的产物 ,并在本世纪末呈现出加速发展势头.面对这一不可回避的客
13、观现实 ,中国同其它发展中国家一样,只能以积极的姿态参入其中并努力趋利避害 .跨国经营,是我国参入全球化的重要步骤,同时也是趋利避害的一贴良方.一、中国企业国际化经营现状中国企业跨国经营的历程与改革开放进程基本是同步的，经历了一个由小到大，起步、发展、膨胀、调整的过程。我国海外投资虽然起步较晚，仅有 20年的发展历史，但随着对外开放度的不断提高，中国海外投资在数量方面发展迅速。虽然，与同期的对外贸易、外汇储备、GDP 总量等相比，境外投资规模不大，但从自身纵向比较，总体上还是保持了一个较快的发展速度。我国的海尔集团是在海内外享有较高美誉的大型国际化企业集团。海尔集团早在 1991 年，就开始向
14、国外出口产品。他们以战略的眼光和超前的观念推出 3 个 13 的战略；即国内生产国内销售 13，国内生产国外销售 13，国外生产外销售 13。近年来，海尔积极实施国际化战略，产品不断创新，市场份额稳步提高，成为惟一入选“世界最具影响力的 100 个品牌”的中国品牌。目前，海尔集团已建立起一个具有国际竞争力的全球营销与服务网络，在美国、日本、意大利、西班牙、英国等国家或地区设有 14 家海外贸易公司和 13 家海外工厂，是在国际市场上发展速度最快的公司之一。中国企业跨国经营和跨国公司的发展尽管取得了一些进展，但与世界上其他国家，尤其是与发达国家相比较，还是很落后。目前，世界上共有跨国公司6 万多
15、家，其遍布全球的分支机构达 50 多万家。这些跨国公司富可敌国，在世界经济中具有举足轻重的地位。据统计，跨国公司的产值占世界总产值的40、国际贸易的 60%、国际技术贸易的 6070。跨国公司的销售额远远Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX mu
16、nicipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX munici
17、pality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial
18、 pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more th
19、an 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4
20、.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and re
21、serves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salm
22、on, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantages. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freig
23、ht transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo capacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. L
24、esozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the far East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinte
25、rland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful
26、scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the “Oriental Maginot line“ of the Japanese invading army Tiger underground fortress ruins, General Chi超过世界商品贸易总额，以 1998 年为例，其销售额高达 11 万亿美元，而当年世界贸易额仅为 7 万亿美元。而我国企业在跨国经营过程中还存在着许多问题。据不完全统计，我国的海外企业中盈利的占 55，其中多为非生产
27、性企业；收支平衡的占 28；亏损企业占 17，以生产性企业居多。这种状况，不仅与发达的资本主义国家的跨国公司不可同日而语，甚至与许多发展中国家的跨国公司也有很大的差距。二、中国企业选择国际化经营的必要性（一）外部原因据不完全统计，目前，世界上最大 500 家跨国公司已有 400 多家在中国登陆。加入 WTO 后，形势将更加严峻。这表明我国企业面临的竞争对手是具有超强实力的巨型企业，它会拒着雄厚的资本实力和强大的抵御各种风险的能力。而我国的企业普遍存在着规模小、实力弱、抗风险能力差等问题。比如，我国的汽车工业仅整车厂就有 100 多家，但全年的总产量之和只相当于外国一家中型企业的产量。全国企业
28、500 强的销售额之总和只相当于美国通用汽车公司一家企业的年销售额。当今的世界经济中，一批跨国大企业正扮演着主要的角色。根据联合国贸发会议 1998 年公布的数据，1997 年全球共有跨国公司 45 万家，其子公司 25 万家。这些企业控制了世界生产总值的 4050，国际贸易的5060，国际技术贸易的 6070，产品研究与开发的 8090，以及对外直接投资的 90。其中，由世界权威性财经杂志美国财富每年评出的全球 500 强，虽然在数量上只占跨国公司总数的 1左右，但其销售额却占全部跨国公司总销售额的 90。并且从行业集中度和其生产经营与其他跨国企业的相关性等经济指标看，全球 500 强都有着
29、极强的代表性。（二）内部原因通过国外研究论证，企业进行跨国经营的原因是：跨国公司的垄断优势、比较成本和交易费用等因素促进了跨国经营的出现或是外国直接投资的产生。根据海墨和金达莱伯杰(Hymert and Kindleberger)的观点，跨国公司拥有某些垄断优势，诸如：(1)对某种专门技术的控制；(2) 对某些原材料来源的垄断；(3)经济规模优势；(4)对销售渠道的控制；(5) 产品开发和更新能力等，促成了跨国经营或外国直接投资。邓宁(Dunning)提出的 OLI 模式，认为所有权优势Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held
30、in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Government, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agricult
31、ure, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitted). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered wit
32、h forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air quality at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Na
33、tions environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally r
34、ecognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest land, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. For
35、est Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserv
36、es and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 acres, rich big salmon, and “three spent five Luo“, North cold water specialty fish; found and proved reserves of mineral resources has 36 species. Third, geopolitical advantag
37、es. XX open midpoint is located in the eastern part of the province along the border, 264 km long border, with national road passenger and freight transport port, built on the border between China and Russia has the largest permanent boundary River Bridge, running at full capacity the annual cargo c
38、apacity of up to 2.6 million tons. Russia two (HABA and Marina), two cities (Iman and Lesozavodsk) is the Russian Far East in developed areas. Lesozavodsk is only 8 km from XX port corresponding to the port of markovo, Lu Rinuo station is one of three railway marshalling yards in the far East, the f
39、ar East-Siberian railway and a parallel road runs through the pass. By rail and road, to the North by HABA capital Khabarovsk, the Russian hinterland, radiation in the CIS and Eastern European countries; to the South through the port of Vladivostok and the nahuo card on the sea, to reach South Korea
40、, Japan and other Pacific Rim countries and regions. Four is rich in tourism resources. XX tourist resources types, many attractions, beautiful scenery of the Sino-Russian border-river-wusuli River, a famous treasure island, known as the “Oriental Maginot line“ of the Japanese invading army Tiger un
41、derground fortress ruins, General Chi(Ownership)、位置优势(Location)和市场内部化优势(Internalization)是三个最基本的决定跨国公司的行为或外国直接投资的要素。三、经济全球化对企业跨国经营的影响(一)经济全球化对企业跨国经营带来的机遇1.经济全球化有利于优化出口商品结构。首先，经济全球化从生产力的角度来说，其实质是生产结构在全球化范围内的调整和重新整合，产业结构逐渐从制造业向高科技产业特别是信息产业和服务业方面调整，从硬件产品向软件产品转变，发达国家把劳动和资源密集型的产业向发展中国家转移，特别是把这些产业的某些生产环节包括
42、高新技术产业的劳动密集型生产环节向发展中国家转移。经济全球化条件下国际贸易结构和国际投资结构向高级化发展的趋势，对出口商品结构的优化调整提供了机遇。其次，网络贸易的出现，有利于高科技产品，特别是软件、设计、视听、旅游、出版等产品的国际交易，这将极大地改善目前以工业制品为主导、占出口总额 91.9%的现状。2.经济全球化有利于提高产品国际竞争能力。经济全球化使得生产要素在全球范围内流动的限制减少，这对进口稀缺资源，充分利用自身丰富资源，参与经济全球化条件下国际分工体系，发挥的比较优势创造了条件；同时，经济全球化促进了国际技术的交流与推广，这对引进新技术、新产品和新方法提供了机遇，特别是知识外溢(
43、Knowledge Spillover)可以使企业获得学习效应(Effect of Learning)，即通过进口先进国家经过长期积累经验改进的生产设备和工艺流程，进行更经济的合理生产，并在生产过程中进行消化和创新，从而扩大生产规模，降低生产成本，提高产品质量和性能，增强企业和产品的国际竞争能力。3.经济全球化有利于吸引大型跨国公司进行直接投资。经济全球化的发展，特别是跨国公司兼并浪潮的兴起，为吸引大型跨国公司直接投资提供了机遇；另一方面，随着我国加入世界贸易组织步伐的加快，进口关税大幅度下降，市场准入障碍的减少，加之我国为外商对华直接投资提供国民待遇，这为利用外国跨国公司长期性的战略投资提供
44、了现实条件。4.经济全球化有利于金融业务创新。经济全球化过程中，随着金融创新的不断推进和金融衍生物不断出现，产生了种类繁多的金融资产产品，虚拟金Leaders: provincial agricultural work Conference held in XX, which is our concern and love, will greatly promote XX agricultural and rural economic development. First of all, I am representing XX municipal party Committee and Go
45、vernment, extend a warm welcome to the attending leaders! XX has been given support and assistance to the province of agriculture, provincial agricultural Office, and expressed heartfelt thanks to all the friends! below, I XX with a brief report. A basic XX of XX municipality located (cities, omitte
46、d). One is the superior ecological environment. XX blue, clear, green, water, air, 70% of land in the territory is covered with forests, grasslands, wetlands and waters, built 7 thousands of square kilometers of the total area of nature reserves. Within major industrial pollution sources, air qualit
47、y at the national level, national levels, water quality, soil pollution, “pure land“ reputation, was heralded by the United Nations environmental officials “the most suitable place for human survival.“ Second, the enrichment of natural resources. A total area of more than 5 million mu of arable land
48、 (which owned 1.53 million acres), the annual grain output of more than 2 million tons and is located in the internationally recognized gold “cattle“, there should be more than 400,000 acres of grazing grassland, developing animal husbandry conditions; a total area of 4.1 million acres of forest lan
49、d, rich in precious wood such as pine, ash, yellow pineapple, standing timber volume of more than 26 million cubic meters. Forest Xia has hundreds of species precious wildlife, more than 200 more species precious herbs, annual Super thousand tons of wild mushroom and reserves Super 100,000 tons of mountain dish; nectar plant throughout, can bee 100,000 group, is China “bee of Xiang“, and national Northeast black bee reserves and important of bee products production base; can using water 2.5 billion cubic metres, should be fishing water 460,000 ac
