1、研究生英语教案研究生英语教案篇一：研究生英语写作教案Part I: Basic WritingThis part will cover:? Elements of Writing? Narrative? Description? ExpositionChapter 1 Elements of writingI. Paragraph structure identificationGoldGold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous be
2、auty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. Another impo
3、rtant characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts? suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion, gold is
4、treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its use.HurricanesHurricanes, which are also called cyclones, exert tremendous power. These violent storms are often a hundred miles in diameter, and their winds can reach velocities of seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds
5、 and heavy rainfall that accompany them can completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours. The energy that is released by a hurricane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed by mankind throughout the world in one year.Famous School “Failures”Albert Einstein, one of the world?s geniuses,
6、failed his university entrance examinations on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America?s noted writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language, had to have special tutoring
7、in English during elementary school. These few examples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life.SynonymsSynonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with mo
8、ney”. However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has a much more positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive, but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really sy
9、nonyms at all.Learning to OutlineLearning to outline will improve your writing for three reasons. First of all, it will help you organize your ideas. Specifically, an outline will ensure that you won?t include any irrelevant ideas, that you won?t leave out any important points, and that your support
10、ing sentences will be in logical order. Second, learning to write an outline will help you write more quickly. It may take some practice at first, but once you become used to outlining your ideas before you start to write. Preparing an outline is 75% of the work. The actual writing becomes easier be
11、cause you don?t have to worry about what you are going to say; you already have a well-organized plan to follow. Finally, your grammar will improve because you will be able to concentrate on it, not on your thoughts or organization. Improved organization, speed, and grammar make learning to outline
12、well worth the effort.For these three reasons that is, a good English paragraph begins with a general statement of its content and then carefully develops that statement with a series of specific illustrations. A good English paragraph may also use just the reverse sequence; it may state a whole ser
13、ies of examples and then summarizes those examples in a single statement at the end of the paragraph. In either case, however, the flow of ideas occur in a straight line from the opening sentence to the last sentence. Furthermore, a well-structured English paragraph is never digressive. There is not
14、hing that does not belong to the paragraph, and nothing that does not support the topic sentence.A type of construction found in Arabic and Persian writing is very different. Whereas English writers use a linear sequence, Arabic and Persian writers tend to construct a paragraph in a parallel sequenc
15、e using many coordinators, such as and but. In English, maturity of style is often judged by the degree of subordination rather than by the degree of coordination. Therefore, the Arabic and Persian styles of writing, with their emphasis on coordination, seem awkward and immature to an English reader
16、.Some Asian writers, on the other hand, use an indirect approach. In this kind of writing, the topic is viewed from a variety of angles. The topic is never analyzed directly; it is referred to only indirectly. Again, such a development in an English paragraph is awkward and unnecessarily vague to an
17、 English reader.Spanish rhetoric differs from English rhetoric in still another way. While the rules of English rhetoric require that every sentence in a paragraph relates directly to the central idea, a Spanish-speaking writer loves to fill a paragraph with interesting digressions. Although a Spani
18、sh paragraph may begin and end on the same topic, the writer often digresses into areas that are not directly related to the topic. Spanish rhetoric, therefore, does not follow the English rules of paragraph unity.In summary, a student who has mastered the grammar of English may still write poor pap
19、ers unless the rhetoric of English is also mastered. Also, the student may have difficulty reading an essay written by the rules of English rhetoric unless (s)he understands the “logical” differences from those of his/her own native tongue.II. Transitional signalsRead and compare the following two p
20、aragraphsParagraph 1:A difference among the world?s seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. The Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one-fourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle east. There are reasons for this. In warm climates, water evaporates rapidly. The co
21、ncentration of salt is greater. The surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, water evaporates slowly. The runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water.Paragraph 2:
22、Another difference among the world?s seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. For example, the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one fourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. First of all, in warm climate zones, water evapo
23、rates rapidly; therefore, the concentration of salt is greater. Second, the surrounding land is dry and, consequently, does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty sea water. In cold climate zones, on the other hand, water evaporates slowly. Furthermore, the runoff created by melting sno
24、w adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water.Frequently- used transitional signals表关系 连接词 并列连词 从句连词 其他关联词表递进 furthermore and another (名词）moreover an additional (名词）in addition表转折 on the other hand but althoughin spite of (名词）however yet though despite(名词）in contrast eve
25、n thoughwhereaswhile表选择 otherwise or ifunless引出事例 for examplean example of (名词）for instance such as(名词）e.g.重述 i.e.表结尾 in conclusionin summaryto concludeto summarizeEx. Recognizing Transition SignalsStep 1 Circle all of the transition signals in the following paragraphs. There are at least ten in eac
26、h.Step 2 Punctuate the transition signals if necessaryParagraph 1Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory due to the development of gene splicing. On one hand the ability to create life in the lab
27、oratory could greatly benefit mankind. For example because insulin is very expensive to obtain from natural sources scientists have developed a method to manufacture it inexpensively in the laboratory. Another beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. Scientists foresee the day when
28、 new plants will be developed using nitrogen from the air instead of from fertilizer therefore food production could be increased. In addition entirely new plants could be developed to feed the world?s hungry people.Not everyone is excited about gene splicing however. Some people feel that it could
29、have terrible consequences. A laboratory accident for example might cause an epidemic of an unknown disease that could wipe out humanity. As a result of this controversy the government has made rules to control genetic experiments. Still many people feel that these rules are not strict enough even t
30、hough the scientific community may feel that they are too strict.Paragraph 2The “women?s lib” movement toward greater equality for women has produced some permanent changes in the vocabulary of English. The first change is that new words have been added. The words “feminist” “sexist” and “male chauv
31、inist” for example became common during the past ten years or so. Another new word is the title Ms which is often used in place of both Miss and Mrs. A second change is that sexist titles of many job occupations have been naturalized. A chairman is now a “chairperson”, a businessman is a “businesspe
32、rson” and a salesman is a “salesperson”. Moreover a mailman is now a “mail carrier” and an airline stewardess is now a “flight attendant.” Finally attempts to give equal treatment to masculine and feminine pronouns in English have led to the search for a new pronoun form to replace he (as he/she or
33、s/he) when referring to the neutral nouns such as the student. In my opinion some of the new words such as Ms are quite useful: you can use Ms to address a woman when you don?t know if she is married. On the other hand the lack of a clear neutral pronoun can lead to awkward sentence construction.III
34、. Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing is used when you need to transfer what you readinto your own words.OriginalWhen the Maracana soccer stadium (in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) wasopened to the public in 1950, and Brazil lost the World Cup to theUriguayan team, the Brazilians were so disheartened that one had t
35、heimpression that the country itself had died. And people died of sadness.Mere threats of defeat in a championship match can cause heart attacksand the despair of the public is so great that many beat their headsagainst the cement posts. Such is the Brazilian?s passion for soccer.Paraphrase In 1950,
36、 Brazil lost the World Cup in soccer to Uruguay in Rio deJaneiro. The entire country was overcome by sadness: some peopleeven died from it. Brazilians react very strongly to potential defeat inchampionship soccer games. Some people have heart attacks, andothers beat their heads against cement posts.
37、 Brazilians are veryemotional about soccer.IV. An Approach to Style ( Strunk White, 1999)“Style is an expression of self”.1. Place yourself in the background.Write in a way that draws the reader?s attention to the sense and substance of the writing, rather than to the mood and temper of the writer.
38、A careful and honest writer does not need to worry about style. As you become proficient in the use of language, your style will emerge, because you yourself will emerge, and when this happens you will find it increasingly easy to break through the barriers that separate you from other minds, other
39、hearts which is, of course, the purpose of writing, as well as its principal reward. Fortunately, the act of研究生英语教案篇二：研究生英语高级教程( 第二版)- 教案1. Big Brother: U any person, organization, or system that seems to want to control peoples lives and restrict their freedom Big Brother is always watching you. In
40、creasingly, the state is taking a big brother role in this area. 2. privacy: 1) the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people; 2) the state of being free from the attention of the public A person should have some privacy. 3. demonstrate: to show clearly and deliberately The f
41、ireman demonstrated great courage in saving the child. You demonstrate your power over the pedestrian more effectively, not by ignoring them, but by showing that you voluntarily stop 4. advocate: one that argues for a cause He is an advocate of early rising. 5. sophisticated: very complex or complic
42、ated She cannot operate such sophisticated equipment. 6. counterpart: someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place Canadas Prime Minister is the counterpart of the U.S. President. 7. ubiquity: existence or apparent everywhere at the same tim
43、e; omnipresence The ubiquity of surveillance equipment is a mixed blessing. 8. a mixed blessing: sth. that has bad effects as well as good My new job is a mixed blessing. It is much better paid, but I have to spend more time away fromhome. 9. prompt: to move to act; spur; incite We listened so atten
44、tively that he felt prompted to expand on his theme. 10. outlaw: to place under a ban; prohibit The court outlawed slavery/ handguns/ the debt. 11. espionage: the act or practice of spying or of using spies to obtain secret information about another government or a business competitor Three persons
45、have been arrested on espionage charges. 12. in response to: as an answer, reply, or reaction to The quick recovery was truly in response to medication. 13. pioneer: to be the first person to do, invent or use something He was one of the instructors who pioneered adult education. 14. facilitate: to
46、make easy or easier Such a port would facilitate the passage of oil from the Middle East to Japan. 15. forge: to illegally copy something, especially sth. printed or written, to make people think that it is real He was sent to prison for forging. 16. enhance: to improve sth. The book is enhanced wit
47、h illustrative photographs. Her beauty was enhanced by make-up. 17. have a profound effect on: have a strong influence or effect on TV has a profound effect on childrens behavior and personality. 18. potential: 1) likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future; 2) the poss
48、ibility that sth. will develop in a particular way, or have a particular effect That hole in the road is a potential danger. Many children do not achieve their potential. 19. launch: to start doing sth., usually sth. big or important The company decided to launch a sales campaign to win back its cus
49、tomers. 20. assume: 1) to think that sth. is true, although you do not have definite proof; 2) to pretend to have (a different name) He assumed the report (to be) valid. Offer your seat to the elderly, but dont assume theyll want it. He assumed a false name when he got this job. 21. confidential: secretThis is a confidential memorandum. 22. in effect: 1) almost the same as; practically; virtually; 2) in force or operation; active Her reply is in effect an apology. The two methods are the same in effect. This law is still in effect. 23. fraud: 1) the crime of obtaining mon
