1、1毕 业 设 计（论 文）说 明 书题 目 套筒十字槽铣削专机设计 全套图纸，加 153893706目 录第一章 前言31.1 铣床简介2 31.1.1 铣床的发展历史 31.1.2 铣床的分类 3第二章 铣床内部结构的各项性能校核 42.1 确定电动机类型 42.2 外部传动件的校核42.2.1 带传动各项性能校核 52.2.2 齿轮传动各项性能校核72.2.3 轴的各项性能校核计算93第三章 附铣床各图 12文献参考 13前言毕业设计是学生在学完教学计划所规定的全部课程后，总结在校学习成果，应用自己所学知识和能力进行的一次综合性的大实践，在校学习的最后一环，必将对毕业后的工作产生深远的影响
2、。毕业设计培养和锻炼自己对所学知识的灵活应用，通过毕业设计，可以掌握正确的设计方法和设计思维方法，进一步提高自己有关机械制造工艺及设备方面的设计能力，提高制图、计算、文字叙述、运用各种标准、规范、手册的能力，学会调查研究、理论联系实际、锻炼查阅、分析研究国内外有关资料的能力，巩固并扩大知识领域和视野，学习本专业范围内与设计题目有关的专业知识，使自己得到更好的锻炼，以能够胜任将来的工作的需要。随着现代机械工业的发展，机床的种类越来越繁多，机床的功能越来越多，为了适应当今机械生产中的特殊要求，专用机床的应用越来越广泛。之所以选择套筒十字槽铣削专机设计作为我的设计题目，是因为我发现以前的铣床虽然功能
3、不少，但是有很多不足之处，比如对工件大批量生产不能满足，而且生产效率不高，对一些有特殊要求的工件也不能进行批量生产。基于这个前提，我选择了铣削类的专机设计，主要是针对套筒十字槽的铣削进行加工。通过本次设计，可以生产出一种铣床满足套筒十字槽的铣削标准化批量生产，这种铣床4既可以满足特殊的加工要求又节省了时间、减少了劳动力。本毕业设计的目的是设计出一种铣削类的专用机床，让它只对套筒十字槽这一类材料进行铣削加工。本机床结构简单、集中化程度高、针对性强、工作效率高、能够适应在生产批量大的生产中的要求。它既提高了生产效率，又简化了操作程序，而且减轻了工人的劳动强度。当然在铣床中夹具的设计也是至关重要的，
4、由于夹具设计过程的随机因素较多，目前仍有许多企业沿用传统的设计方法来完成，即由经验丰富的工艺人员人工设计(或借助二维 CAD设计)。很显然，这种设计方法在很大程度土受夹具设计者的经验和知识水平的限制，且设计周期长，设计效率低，劳动强度大，已不适应现代制造技术。因此，开发出实用的计算机辅助夹具设计系统是解决这一间题的重要方法和手段。计算机辅助设计可以分为概念设计、技术设计和详细设计三个阶段。概念设计是计算机辅助夹具设计中最关键的一个环节,它影响着后续的技术设计和详细设计,是决定夹具方案优劣的重要阶段。由于铣削加工切削用量及切削力较大，又是多刃断续切削，加工时易产生振动，因此设计铣床夹具时应注意：
5、夹紧力要足够且反行程自锁；夹具的安装要准确可靠，即安装及加工时要正确使用定向键、对刀装置；夹具体要有足够的刚度和稳定性，结构要合理。铣床是用铣刀对工件进行铣削加工的机床。铣床除能铣削平面、沟槽、轮齿、螺纹和花键轴外，还能加工比较复杂的型面，效率较刨床高，在机械制造和修理部门得到广泛应用。本次设计主要包括两大部分。第一部分为套筒十字槽铣削专机的设计，其中包括铣床的基本尺寸的选择、电机的选择、传动系统的设计和铣刀的选择。首先，铣床的基本尺寸主要参考常用铣床的外形尺寸，并根据它的需要来确定。可根据 45 钢的切削性能及铣削时的铣削用量和铣削速度来估算出铣削力由于较早以前的铣床应用领域比较狭窄，并且对
6、加工特殊要求的工件还不能满足，这样就引起了一场技术革命，铣床得到了广泛改进，它的应用范围也大幅度扩大，对铣床新的技术研究从未停止过。铣床是用多刃铣刀进行铣削加工的机床，铣刀的旋转为主运动。由于平面的铣削比刨削生产效率高，因此，早先的铣床是取代刨床而出现的。后来刀具技术提高了，能够制造各种复杂形状的铣刀，因而铣床从铣削平面扩大到能加工各种沟槽、螺旋面、回转面、齿形面以及复杂的空间曲面。铣床的类型较多，为适应加工工件的尺寸和重量，铣床的类型有：升降台铣床、无升降台铣床和龙门铣床；为适应批量生产的有：圆工作台铣床、双端面铣床和鼓轮铣床；为适应某些特殊工件加工而发展的有：工具铣床、键槽铣床、曲轴铣床；
7、为适应加工复杂曲面的有：液压仿形铣床、电气仿形铣床、数字程序控制铣床等。此外，还有与镗削加工相结合的铣镗床以及与磨削加工相结合的铣磨床。5和铣削功率来，并根据铣削功率选择电动机。然后，根据所选电机的同步转速和铣削速度来确定传动比，并用齿轮传动系统来实现。由于是加工套筒十字槽的铣床，所以根据工件的需要，选择最有利的铣削速度，不需要变速，采用单级传动即可。第二部分为专用夹具的设计，其中包括定位方式的选择、定位误差的计算、夹紧方式的确定、夹紧力的确定及夹紧机构的的选择、导引装置的确定、夹具体的设计和夹具体在机床上的定位方式。根据六点定位原理、套筒十字槽的特点及常用定位元件的种类，来确定夹具体的定位方
8、式。由于零件在加工时，总会产生误差，因此应考虑工件的定位误差。进行定位误差的计算，以保证定位误差在零件加工误差允许的范围之内。若不合适，则应选择更合适的定位方式，以确保零件的加工精度。为了使零件在被加工时保持位置不变，应对零件在被加工时所需的夹紧力进行估算。在此基础上，综合考虑零件的定位方式和加工方式，来设计适合的夹紧机构。为保证加工精度，选择合适的对刀导引装置，保证工件相对于刀具处于正确的位置。综合以上各方面的设计和各个装置的相对位置关系，可以设计出夹具体的结构。并且还要确定夹具体在机床上的定位方法和定位精度。这样就完成了夹具的设计。由于此次设计是根据实际生产加工中的需要来进行设计的，因此还
9、从经济性方面分析了此次设计的可行性。另外，分析了此次设计相对于一般生产加工情况的优点、此次设计的不足，和可能改进的方法。关键词：铣削加工 复杂The graduation project is a student after study the plan of instruction stipulated complete curriculum, summarizes in the school study achievement, applies itself to study a comprehensive big practice which the knowledge and abil
10、ity carry on, in the school study the link, will certainly to have the profound influence last after the graduation work. The graduation project raises and exercises itself to study the knowledge the nimble application, through the graduation project, may master the correct design method and the des
11、ign thought method, further enhances oneself related machine manufacture craft and equipment aspect designed capacity, enhances the charting, the computation, the writing narration, to utilize each kind of standard, the standard, handbook ability, the academic society investigation and study, the ap
12、ply theory to reality, the exercise consult, analytical study domestic and foreign pertinent data ability, consolidates and expands the area of knowledge and the field of vision, studies in this specialized scope with the design topic related specialized knowledge, enables itself to obtain a better
13、exercise, by can be competent future work need.Along with the modern mechanical industrys development, engine beds type is getting more and more, engine beds function are getting more and more, to adapt now in the machinery production special request, special purpose machines application is getting
14、more and more widespread. The reason that the choice sleeve cross trough milling special plane design takes my design topic, is because I discover the beforehand milling machine, although the function many, but has many deficiencies, for instance cannot satisfy to the work piece production in enormo
15、us quantities, moreover the production efficiency is not high, has the special request work piece to 6some not to be able to carry on the volume production. Based on this premise, I have chosen the milling class special plane design, is mainly aims at the sleeve cross troughs milling to carry on the
16、 processing. Through this design, may produce one kind of milling machine to satisfy the sleeve cross troughs milling standardization volume production, this kind of milling machine both might satisfy the special processing request and to save the time, to reduce the labor force. This graduation pro
17、jects goal is designs one kind of milling class the special purpose machine, lets it only carry on the milling processing to sleeve cross trough this kind of material. This engine bed structure is simple, the centralized degree high, pointed strong, the working efficiency high, can adapt in the prod
18、uction lot big production request. It both raised the production efficiency, and simplified the operation sequence, moreover reduced workers labor intensity.Because the beforehand milling machine application domain is quite early narrow, and to processes the special request the work piece not to be
19、able to satisfy, like this caused a technological revolution, the milling machine obtained the widespread improvement, its application scope also large scale expanded, has never stopped to the milling machine new engineering research. The milling machine is carries on the milling processing with the
20、 multi-edge milling cutter the engine bed, milling cutters revolving primarily movement. Because the plane milling is higher than the shaping production efficiency, therefore, the previous milling machine substitutes for the mechanical slicer to appear. Afterward the cutting tool technology enhanced
21、, can make each kind of complex shape the milling cutter, thus the milling machine expands from the milling plane to can process each kind of trench, the helicoid, the plane of rotation, the tooth profile surface as well as the complex space-like surface. Milling machines type are many, for the adap
22、tation processing work pieces size and the weight, milling machines type includes: Fluctuation bench miller, non-fluctuation bench miller and planer-type milling machine; Includes for the adaptation volume production: Circle work bench miller, double-end surface milling machine and drum wheel millin
23、g machine; In order to adapt certain special work piece processing to develop includes: Tool milling machine, slot-milling machine, crank milling machine; Includes for the adaptation processing complex surface: Hydraulic pressure profiling machine, electricity profiling machine, digital process cont
24、rol milling machine and so on. In addition, but also has the mill boring lathe which as well as the mill grinder which unifies with the boring processing unifies with the abrasive machining.Certainly in the milling machine jigs design is also very important, are many as a result of the jig design pr
25、ocesss random factors, at present still had many enterprises to continue to use traditional the design method to complete, namely designs artificially by the experienced craft personnel (or draws support from the two-dimensional CAD design). Very obviously, this design method in very great degree ea
26、rth jig designers experience and state-of-art limit, and the design cycle is long, the rated capacity is low, the labor intensity is big, did not adapt the modern technique of manufacture. Therefore, develops the practical computer auxiliary jig design system is solves this topic important method an
27、d the method. The computer-aided design may divide into the conceptual design, the technical design and the detailed design three stages. The conceptual design is in the computer auxiliary jig design a most essential link, it is affecting the following technical design and the detailed design, is de
28、cides the jig plan fit and unfit quality the crucial stage. Because the milling processing cutting specifications and the cutting force are big, when is the multi-edge interrupted cutting, the processing easy to have the vibration, therefore time design 7milling jig should pay attention: The clampin
29、g force must and enough counter-traveling schedule self-locking; Jigs installment wants accurately reliable, namely when installment and processing must use the directional key, install correctly to the knife; The jig body must have the enough rigidity and the stability, the structure must be reason
30、able.The milling machine is carries on the milling processing with the milling cutter to the work piece the engine bed. The milling machine besides can the milling plane, the trench, the gear teeth, the thread and the spline shaft, but can also process the quite complex profile, the efficiency compa
31、res the mechanical slicer to be high, obtains the widespread application at the machine manufacture and the repair department.This design mainly includes two major parts.The first part for sleeve cross trough milling special planes design, including milling machines basic size choice, electrical mac
32、hinerys choice, transmission systems design and milling cutters choice.First, milling machines basic size main reference commonly used milling machines external dimensions, and need to determine according to it. May act according to 45 steel time the cutting values and the milling milling amount use
33、d and the milling speed estimates the milling strength and the milling power comes, and according to milling power choice electric motor. Then, according to chooses electrical machinerys synchronous speed and the milling speed determines the velocity ratio, and realizes with the gear drive system. B
34、ecause processes the sleeve cross troughs milling machine, therefore according to the work piece need, chooses the most advantageous milling speed, does not need to change speed, uses the single stage transmission then.The second part for unit clamps design, including the locate mode the choice, pos
35、ition errors computation, the clamp way determination, the clamping force determination and the clamp organization choice, guidance device determination, jig bodys design and jig bodys on engine bed locate mode.According to six localization principles, sleeve cross troughs characteristic and the com
36、monly used setting elements type, determines the jig bodys locate mode. Because components in processing time, the general meeting has the error, therefore should consider the work piece the position error. Carries on position errors computation, guarantees the position error, in the components proc
37、essing error permits in scope. If is inappropriate, should choose the more appropriate locate mode, guarantees the components the working accuracy. In order to cause the components when is processed the hold position is invariable, deals with the components when is processed needs the clamping force
38、 carries on the estimate. Based on this, the overall evaluation components locate mode and the processing way, design the suitable clamp organization. For the guarantee working accuracy, chooses appropriately to the knife guidance device, guaranteed that the work piece is opposite in the cutting too
39、l is in the correct position. Above the synthesis various aspects design and each installments relative position relations, may design the jig bodys structure. And must determine the jig bodys on engine bed localization method and the pointing accuracy. This has completed jigs design.Because this de
40、sign is needs to come according to the actual production processing to carry on 8the design, therefore has also analyzed this design feasibility from the efficient aspect. Moreover, analyzed this design to be opposite in the general production processing situation merit, this design insufficiency, w
41、ith method which possibly improved.1 绪论1.1 铣床的简介最早的铣床是美国人惠特尼于 1818年创制的卧式铣床；为了铣削麻花钻头的螺旋槽，美国人布朗于 1862年创制了第一台万能铣床，这是升降台铣床的雏形；1884 年前后又出现了龙门铣床；二十世纪 20年代出现了半自动铣床，工作台利用挡块可完成“进给-决速”或“决速-进给”的自动转换。由于较早以前的铣床应用领域比较狭窄，并且对加工特殊要求的工件还不9能满足，这样就引起了一场技术革命，铣床得到了广泛改进，它的应用范围也大幅度扩大，对铣床新的技术研究从未停止过。铣床是用多刃铣刀进行铣削加工的机床，铣刀的旋转为
42、主运动。由于平面的铣削比刨削生产效率高，因此，早先的铣床是取代刨床而出现的。后来刀具技术提高了，能够制造各种复杂形状的铣刀，因而铣床从铣削平面扩大到能加工各种沟槽、螺旋面、回转面、齿形面以及复杂的空间曲面。铣床的类型较多，为适应加工工件的尺寸和重量，铣床的类型有：升降台铣床、无升降台铣床和龙门铣床；为适应批量生产的有：圆工作台铣床、双端面铣床和鼓轮铣床；为适应某些特殊工件加工而发展的有：工具铣床、键槽铣床、曲轴铣床；为适应加工复杂曲面的有：液压仿形铣床、电气仿形铣床。1.1.1 铣床的发展历史1950年以后，铣床在控制系统方面发展很快，数字控制的应用大大提高了铣床的自动化程度。尤其是 70年代
43、以后，微处理机的数字控制系统和自动换刀系统在铣床上得到应用，扩大了铣床的加工范围，提高了加工精度与效率。 1.1.2 铣床的分类铣床种类很多，一般是按布局形式和适用范围加以区分，主要的有升降台铣床、龙门铣床、单柱铣床和单臂铣床、仪表铣床、工具铣床等。 升降台铣床有万能式、卧式和立式几种，主要用于加工中小型零件，应用最广；龙门铣床包括龙门铣镗床、龙门铣刨床和双柱铣床，均用于加工大型零件；单柱铣床的水平铣头可沿立柱导轨移动，工作台作纵向进给；单臂铣床的立铣头可沿悬臂导轨水平移动，悬臂也可沿立柱导轨调整高度。单柱铣床和单臂铣床均用于加工大型零件。 仪表铣床是一种小型的升降台铣床，用于加工仪器仪表和其
44、他小10型零件；工具铣床主要用于模具和工具制造，配有立铣头、万能角度工作台和插头等多种附件，还可进行钻削、镗削和插削等加工。其他铣床还有键槽铣床、凸轮铣床、曲轴铣床、轧辊轴颈铣床和方钢锭铣床等，它们都是为加工相应的工件而制造的专用铣床。 另外，按控制方式，铣床又可分为仿形铣床、程序控制铣床和数控铣床等。2 铣床内部结构的各项性能校核设计项目 设计公式与说明 结果设计题目根据提供的图纸校核各零部件的各个性能参数是否合格1.选择电动机类型根据装配图上电机型号：查得 Pd=0.75KW，同步转速为1500r/min,满载转速 1390r/min2. 计算总传动比 i 1= = =96Nwm5.143
45、90取带的传动比 i=3.i 0= = =320396注意：以上传动比的分配只是初步的，传动装置的实际传动比要由选定的齿轮齿数或带轮基准直径准确计算，故应在各级传动零件的参数确定后计算实际传动比，因而很可能与设定的传动比之间有误差。一般允许工作机实际转速与设定转速之间的相对误差为（35）%。113.计算传动装置的运动和动力参数各轴转速轴：n = = r/min=463r/min0im319轴：n = = r/min=14。5r/min1i246设计项目 设计公式与说明 结果4.各轴的输入功率轴：P =Pd 01=0.750.97=0.72KW轴：P =P 12= P 12=0.720.970.
46、99=0.7KW5.各轴的输入转矩 T d=9550 =9550 =5.153NMmdN139075.轴：T =9550 =9550 =14.85NMP462.运动和动力参数的计算结果列于表 2-56.带传动确定设计功率Pd（1）由表 9-9 查得工作情况系数 K A=1.2（2）据式 Pd=K AP=1.20.75=0.9KW7.选择 V 带型号查图 9-9。选 A 型 V 带8.确定带轮直径 d d1、d d2(1) 考图 9-9 及表 9-4，选小带轮 d d1=75mm（2）验算带速 由式（9-18）V= = =5.46(m/s)106 dn10639754.(v 1 在 525m/s
47、 内，合适)（3）从带轮直径d d2=i d d1=375=225查表 9-4，取 d d2=224传动比 i= = =2.99(i=3)21d754(4)从动轮转速 n 212n 2= = =463r/mini13909.确定中心距a 和带长 Ld（1）按式（9-19）初选中心距 a 00.7（75+224） a 0 21（75+224）209mm a 0 6279mm 取 a 0=1000（2）按式（9-20）求带的计算基准长度 L d0L d0=2 a 0+ ( d d1+ d d1)24ao)12(2d设计项目 设计公式与说明 结果=21000 (75+224)+ 2104)752(2=2000+ 299+=2475(3) 查表 9-2，取带的基准长度 L d=2240（4）按式（9-21）计算实际中心距a=a o+ =1000+ =88320Ld2)4750(按式（9-22）确定中心距调整范围a max=a+0.03L d=882.5+(0.032240)=949.7a min=a-0.015L d=882.5-(0.0152240)=848.910.验算小带轮包角 由式（9-23）180 57.3ad2=180 57.383754170120
