1、第 1 讲 掌握名词的相关知识以及名词在语法填空和短文改错中的考查备考指导 名词是历年高考中的必考点之一，其在高考中的考查主要涉及名词的数、所有格及词类转换等。一、5 种方法牢固掌握名词及其相关知识方法 1 构词法、联想记忆、发散思维在知识整合中的应用下 面 以 act为 例 介 绍 在 英 语 学 习 中 ， 尤 其 是 在 一 轮 复 习 中 如 何 掌 握 词 汇 知 识1运用构词法记忆与之相关的课标要求词汇actactionactive (反义词 inactive；passive)activelyactivityactoractressactualactually 2运用联想记忆法将课
2、标要求的相关搭配牢固记忆(1)act as 担任(译员、调解员等)(2)act for 代理(3)act on 对起作用；按照(建议、忠告、命令等)行事(4)put/set sth.in action 实行，开始(5)take action 开始行动(6)be active in 在方面积极的(7)take an active part in 积极参加3运用发散思维记忆多词一义“事实上”的几种表达法：actually；as a matter of fact；in (actual) fact；in reality 方法 2 学会在写作中应用词汇知识1. Old as he is，he is st
3、ill active in (still takes an active part in) social activities.尽管年长了，但是他仍然积极参加社会活动。2. It is an act of kindness to help whoever needs help badly.帮助那些急需要帮助的人是一种善举。3. Immediate actions must be taken to reduce haze weather and better the environment by stopping polluting.应该立即采取行动通过停止污染的方式减少雾霾天气，优化生活环境。
4、4. In some peoples opinion，the more they possess，the wealthier and happier they are，but actually the reality is not what they expect.有些人认为，拥有的东西越多，他们就越富有越幸福，但事实上现实并非像他们期待的那样。方法 3 运用语境理解法解决名词辨析题在平时的词汇学习中，尤其要注意名词的一词多义、多词一义问题，创设语境，在语境中记忆是最有效的。你知道 act 与 action 的区别吗？He was caught in the act of stealing.他
5、在偷东西时被抓住。Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言辞。act (n.)与 action 在大多数情况下可以互相替换，但是若指具体的动作时要用 act，指抽象的行为时则要用 action。方法 4 利用名词的固定搭配法记忆名词短语1名词与介词的搭配above praise 赞美不尽above average 超过平均水平at a loss 不知所措at full speed 以全速at sbs service 随时可供使用；随时提供帮助/服务at present 目前at risk 冒险beyond compare 无与伦比beyond expressi
6、on 不可名状beyond ones reach 够不着beyond belief 难以置信beyond doubt 无疑，确实by chance/accident 偶然by no means 绝不by nature 天生地by mistake 错误地by heart 熟记for sale 供出售，待售for example 例如for an instant 一瞬间in ruins 成为废墟in doubt 怀疑in advance 提前in all aspects 在各个方面in public 公开地in detail 详细地in conclusion 总之on purpose 故意地on
7、the whole 总的来说on average 平均on this occasion 在这种情况下on the contrary(与此)相反out of date 过时out of order 出故障out of pity 出于同情out of curiosity 出于好奇out of breath 上气不接下气out of the question 不可能out of question 没问题out of danger 脱离危险out of control 失控out of sight 不在视野内to ones surprise 令某人吃惊的是to some degree 在某种程度上un
8、der repair 在修理之中under consideration 在考虑中under discussion 在讨论中under construction 在建设中independence of 独立于interest in 对的兴趣comments on 对评论application for 申请influence on 对的影响confidence in 对的信心advantage over 优于contact with 与联系approach to的方式、方法2名词与动词的搭配find fault with 挑剔keep pace with 与同步pay attention to 注
9、意put an end to 结束make a fool of 嘲弄make fun of 取笑catch sight of 瞥见take notice of 注意到take hold of 抓住make use of 利用set foot in 进入；访问take part in 参加take advantage of 利用have the privilege of 对拥有特权make sb.s acquaintance 与某人相识have a knowledge of 了解方法 5 用多词一义辨析法识记1sign，signal，mark，symbol这四个词的区别主要在词义上：sign“标
10、志，迹象” ，如：a traffic sign“交通标志” ；signal“信号，暗号” ；mark“记号，符号” ；symbol“象征，符号，代号” 。如：He raised his finger to his lips as a sign for silence.他举起一根手指放在嘴唇上，表示要保持安静。The signal given，the bus started.信号发出之后，汽车启动了。The boy made a mark on the wall with a chalk.这个男孩用粉笔在墙上做了一个记号。Honesty should be the symbol of the h
11、ighest standard morals.诚信应当是最高道德标准的标志。2journey，trip，travel，voyagejourney 常指陆地上距离较远的旅行。trip 指短距离的旅行，也可以指长途旅行。在非正式用语中 trip 可以与 journey 互换使用，常与其搭配的动词有 make，take 等。travel 泛指旅游，复数形式 travels 多指出国旅行或游记，前面不用 many 和数词修饰。通常journey 和 trip 强调往返性，而 travel 不侧重往返性，可以是单程旅行。voyage 指水上旅行或航海，也可以指空中旅行。如：Have a good jou
12、rney/trip!旅行愉快！This post involves a large amount of foreign travel.这一职务要求经常到国外出差。The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.泰坦尼克号在首航中就沉没了。3mistake，error，fault三个词都有“错误，过错”的意思。与 mistake 相比，error 更正式，常用于书面语。此外，error 强调道德方面的过失，如：the error of his youth(他年轻时候的过失)。而fault 则强调性格上的小缺点，如：Your only fault is that you
13、 cant concentrate.(你唯一的缺点就是注意力不集中。)4power，force，strengthpower 表示“力”的范围，用途最广，包括各种力(身体上的、精神上的、外显的、隐含的等)。如：To live happily is an inward power of the soul.幸福地生活是灵魂的一种内在力量。force 主要指暴力，法律、道德或感情的力量等，常作“武力，暴力”讲。strength 指强度，力气，尤指承受重物的力量，如：a man of strength 力气大的人。5cause，reason，excusecause 是造成一种事实或现实的“原因，起因”
14、，后接介词 of；reason 是说明一种看法或行为的“理由” ；excuse“借口，辩解” 。如：Heat is the cause of the expansion of matter.热是物质膨胀的原因。You must tell him the reason why you wont accept his offer.你必须告诉他你将不接受他的帮助的理由。Late again！Whats your excuse this time?又迟到了！你这次有什么借口？6habit，custom，customshabit 指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom 则强调
15、社会、民族经过一个较长的过程而形成的“风俗，习惯” ；customs 为复数名词，意思是“关税，进口税” 。当首字母大写并与 the 连用时表示“海关” 。如：He has formed the habit of saving money.他已养成了存钱的习惯。Customs vary greatly from country to country.各国的风俗很不一样。The officials in the Customs at Beijing Airport are very polite.北京机场的海关官员很有礼貌。7affect，effect，influence(1)affect 只能
16、用作及物动词，其含义是“使发生变化” ，因此“影响”这一词义还可以引申为“感动，感染” 。(2)effect 用作名词，着重指影响的“结果”或“作用” 。常用于词组 have an effect on中，意思相当于 affect。effect 也可以用作及物动词，但意思完全不同，作“使发生，产生结果”讲。(3)influence 既可用作名词，也可用作动词，通常指通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的、潜移默化的影响。常用的短语搭配：have an influence on sb./sth.对某人/某事物有影响。用 affect，effect，influence 的适当形式填空(
17、1)All the people present at the meeting were _ to tears.(2)What exactly is the _ of television on children?(3)Modern farming methods have greatly _ agriculture，_of which will _ the environment.8affair，matter，event(1)affair 可用于严肃认真的公共或政治“事务” ，也可指与个人密切相关的小事。(2)matter 所表示的“事情”在含义上比较模糊，通常指客观存在的或有待处理的问题。
18、(3)event 通常指“重要事件” ， “大事” ， “(比赛等的)项目” 。用 affair，matter，event 的适当形式填空(1)We had regular seminars to discuss international _.(2)The election was the main _ of 2013.(3)Youth crime is a(n) _ of great concern.(4)Top leaders often discuss international _，that is，the main _ of every year，while we also have
19、 some important _ to do.9method，way，approach，means(1)method 表示科学的，系统的一套方法，而且强调以效率和准确性为目的。其前常与介词 with 搭配。(2)way 指单一技巧或整套操作过程。普通用语，其前常与介词 in 搭配。(3)approach 是学习或研究问题的方法，其后常与 to 搭配。(4)means 手段，方法，工具。其前常与介词 by 搭配。用 method，way，approach，means 的适当形式填空(1)His teaching _ presents a new _ to foreign language te
20、aching.(2)By this _ they can increase their sales.(3)Change your _ of thinking，and youll feel better.(4)If he changes his _ of thinking，his teaching _ will present a new _ to foreign language teaching and by this _ the students will make great progress. 10award，reward，prize(1)award vt.授予，颁发；判给。be aw
21、arded for.因而受奖award sb.sth.颁发给某人某物award n指给在工作、学习等中表现优异的人的奖金、奖状或其他表彰物。(2)reward n& vt.报酬，奖励，可以用于比喻意义。指对某人的工作或服务等的回报，也指因做好事而得到的奖金和报酬。reward sb.with sth.用酬谢某人(3)prize n强调给赢得比赛的人奖金或有价值的东西，be awarded a prize for 因而获奖； win the Noble Prize for peace 获诺贝尔和平奖；the first prize in lottery 中头彩。用 award，reward，pr
22、ize 的适当形式填空(1)He received a _ of 900 from the police for catching the criminal.(2)The university _ her a scholarship.(3)He won the first _ in the singing contest.(4)He was _ a scholarship as a _ or an _，which was also a _ of his diligence.11care，anxiety，concern，worry(1)care 因责任感、使命感而产生的担心、操心，指忧虑的事，操
23、劳(烦恼)的事。(2)anxiety 对前途的不幸、灾难等隐约的担心，指焦虑(的原因)，令人担心的事。(3)concern 对喜欢、关心的人/事的担心，指关心的事，重要的事，挂念，关心。(4)worry 对某一特定问题的担心、发愁、忧虑、令人担心的事等。用 care，anxiety，concern，worry 的适当形式填空(1)I appreciate your _(2)How I wish I could live a life free from _！(3)I waited for her with _(4)Life is full of _ and _，so every one of
24、us should show _ for others and share _ with them.12custom，habit，hobby这三个词都有“习惯”的意思，但含义不同。(1)custom 通常指大范围、长时间形成的风俗和习惯。(2)habit 通常指个人短时间的习惯。(3)hobby 指“爱好” 。用 custom，habit，hobby 填空(1)He formed a _ of getting up early.(2)The Spring Festival is a _ in East Asia.(3)Reading is his _(4)My _ is reading for
25、 which I have formed the _ of getting up early that is also our _ on New Years Day.13damage，destroy，ruin(1)damage 是程度较小的“破坏，损坏” ，强调价值、用途降低或外表损坏等。一般指被破坏的物品可以重新修复。(2)destroy 常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的“破坏，毁坏” ，程度较深，强调“毁坏”的力度和彻底性；也可用于损坏抽象的东西，比如名誉、计划、努力、契约等。(3)ruin 亦指彻底毁掉，但不含有以某种摧毁性的力量进行破坏，而含有在一定的过程中逐渐毁掉的意思；强调使某物失去优
26、良的特性或特征。汶川地震后，许多建筑物都彻底毁坏了，但是当地居民还是修理了一些损坏不太严重的而且新建了一些建筑，以避免他们家乡的毁灭。After the Wenchuan earthquake，many buildings were _，but the local people still repaired the _ ones and rebuilt the new ones to keep their hometown from coming to _14diet，food(1)diet 指的是习惯的食物或规定的食物，特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物，如病人的疗养饮食。diet 为可数名词，
27、常与不定冠词 a 连用。(2)food 是一般用法，凡能吃喝的、具有营养的东西都称作 food。food 是不可数名词，但在表示食品的种类时，可以用复数。这个病人不能不吃东西，但要吃不含糖的食物。The sick man must not go without _，but he must have _ without sugar.15scene，scenery，sight，view(1)scene 指展现在眼前的情景，也可以指 scenery 的一部分，大多包括景物中的人及活动在内。(2)scenery 指某地总的自然风光或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色。(3)sight 既可以指场景，眼前看到的景
28、观，也可以指名胜、风景，在表示“名胜、风景”时，用复数形式。(4)view 常指从某个位置或角度所看到的景色，指“视野，眼界” ，还可表示“观点” 。用 scene，scenery，view，sight 的适当形式填空(1)As we climbed higher，a wonderful _ opened out before us.(2)The next day we returned to the _ of the accident.(3)On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the _ was so beautiful.(4)The
29、 Great Wall whose _ is beautiful is one of the most breathtaking _ in the world，but twenty years ago，beautiful as the _ was from the distance，a dirty _ appeared in front of us when we arrived there.16situation，state，condition(1)situation 指一定时期内总的情况、形势、事态，亦可指国际、国内形势，是可数名词；其后常用 where/in which 引导定语从句。(
30、2)state 用单数形式表示人或事物的情况及状况，如外貌、心理、外观等方面，可与不定冠词连用，常用于 in a state of 或 in astate。(3)condition 的单数形式表示人或物本身的状况，在这个意思上与 state 相近；而复数形式则指事物之外的环境与情况，与 circumstance 意思相近。用 situation，state，condition 的适当形式填空(1)His business is in a good _(2)The _ of the house is so bad that nothing can make it safe to live in.
31、(3)After that I give the students various _ where they make up sentences about them.(4)Although the _ of his shop is very bad，his business is in a good _ because the economic _ is thriving.17shade，shadow二者都可表示“阴影” ，但含义不同。(1)shade 表示“阴凉处，树荫” ，强调避热作用。(2)shadow 强调人或物在光照下形成的影像。用 shade，shadow 填空(1)He saw
32、 a _ of a man in the window.(2)Its hot，lets sit down in the _ of that tree.(3)In the _ of a big tree she could see a _ of a man in the window.二、名词的 2 个应对策略1名词与语法填空考向：在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类转换；策略：首先要弄清数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词类转换。这就要求考生要搞清楚名词在句中作什么成分，近几年常考名词作主语、宾语、表语的情况
33、。典例展示 1 (2016全国卷) But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _ (attract)答案 attraction解析 表示最具吸引力的地方，应用名词形式。故答案为 attraction。典例展示 2 (2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.答案 days解析 “every
34、few复数名词”意思是“每隔” 。故应用 days。典例展示 3 (2016四川高考)Any smell might attract natural _ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.答案 enemies解析 天敌不止一个，故用复数形式 enemies。典例展示 4 (2016全国卷)Recent _ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.答案 studies解析 本句的谓语动词是 show，说明
35、空格处的主语是名词复数 studies。典例展示 5 (2015全国卷)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.答案 ability解析 形容词性物主代词 their 之后应当用名词，故将 able 转化为其名词形式 ability。典例展示 6 (2015全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream
36、place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting)答案 paintings解析 由于该名词由 so many 修饰，故填该名词的复数形式 paintings。典例展示 7 (2014全国卷)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the _(chang
37、e) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be patient.答案 changes解析 前面是定冠词 the，因此后面要用名词，再由谓语动词 are 可知此空要用其名词的复数形式，故填 changes。典例展示 8 (2014辽宁高考)I feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longer.Unbelievable！Oh.，if you dont mind，Ill stop and take _ deep b
38、reath.答案 a解析 根据语境可知，说话者对于现在正在进行的活动感到体力不支，因此需要停下来深吸一口气。take a deep breath 深吸一口气。2名词与短文改错考向：短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格。汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数变化，而是通过在其前加数词或量词等方式来表示。而英语则不同，除了在名词前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须用其名词复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形式。其次名词的考查还会涉及词性转换方面的错误；策略：遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判
39、断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。典例展示 1 (2016全国卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._答案 yearyears解析 13 至 19 岁的那几年，year 当然要用复数形式。故 year 改为 years。典例展示 2 (2016四川高考)Mom has a fulltime job, but she has to do most of the houseworks._答案 houseworkshousework解析 housework 为不可数名词，没有复数形式。故 housewor
40、ks 改为 housework。典例展示 3 (2016全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest._答案 honesthonesty解析 主语是 key，表语与其构成同位关系，并非对主语的描述，应用名词。故 honest 改为 honesty。典例展示 4 (2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._答案 knowledgesknowledge解析 k
41、nowledge 为不可数名词，不能用复数。故 knowledges 改为 knowledge。典例展示 5 (2015全国卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier._答案 airsair解析 由后面的定语从句 we breathe in 可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气” ，air 当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。故 airs 改为 air。典例展示 6 (2015全国卷)One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was.his parent
42、s were missing.Tony saw his parents._答案 parentparents解析 从后文可以看出 Tony 的父母一起和他去的购物中心，后文两次出现 parents，所以应该将 parent 改为 parents。典例展示 7 (2015四川高考)As I told you last time，I made three new friend here._答案 friendfriends解析 名词 friend 为可数名词，其前有 three 修饰，需要用复数形式，故把 friend 改成friends。典例展示 8 (2015浙江高考)My old classro
43、om was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass._答案 sidesides解析 前面有 three 修饰，故 side 要用复数形式 sides。跟踪训练考点突破.单句语法填空1He had witnessed too many_(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40，000 people were killed，wounded or missing.2Apples
44、 new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive_(fail)3I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this_(perform)4Tourism should also advance the wealth and_(happy) of local inhabitants.5These people have m
45、ade great_(contribute) to China with their work.6They get advice from “_(strange)”When they need advice，they dont usually go to people they know.7My first_(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.8Those who suffer from headache will find they get_(relieve) from this medicine.
46、9Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well，you know，English is my_ (strong)So it is my best choice.10I made a_(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.单句改错1Within the next few minute，my grandfather also caught a fish._2You
47、told me the name of different plants and their characteristics._3Mom，I know I have never expressed my thank to you before._4The food was wonderful with reasonable prices， and we enjoyed several local dish._5Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home._6From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy._
