1、专题 11 阅读理解易错点 1 只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题（2016天津卷）Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task be
2、cause it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult jo
3、b first.Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the days work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Exper
4、ience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can then let the unconsc
5、ious take over.When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (大英百科全书), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.One da
6、y, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. I
7、n the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.What could be the best title for the passage?A. Success Is Built upon Fail
8、ureB. How to Handle Performance FatigueC. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to SuccessD. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems【试题解析】根据全篇文章和最后一段的内容可知，文章主要介绍造成失败的两种疲惫，以及如何克服疲惫。故选 C。 【参考答案】 C近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标
9、题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily， the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the suns l
10、ight. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night: Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolut
11、ionary and cultural heritagethe light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Waythe e
12、dge of our galaxy arching overhead.53. It is implied in the last paragraph that . A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animalsB. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritagesC. human beings cannot go to the outer space D. human beings should reflect on their position in the un
13、iverse【答案】 D易错点 2 主观臆断，忽视逻辑(2016新课标卷 II)Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the book
14、s they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of Boo
15、kCrossing, says, The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find
16、a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCros
17、sing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the real and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce
18、 BookCrossing.C. To stress the importance of reading. 【错因分析】 考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能全面总结。 【参考答案】B回归原文，重视逻辑考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真正意图。（2017浙江）Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talen
19、t for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days , a brush was made from camels hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a bru
20、sh.In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. Wiliams ,a well-known painter, came to see him work . Wiliams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home .The books were long and dull.
21、Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night. While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided
22、then that he would be an artist.23. What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?A. He took him to see painting exhibitions.B. He provided him with painting materials.C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.D. He taught him how to make engravings.【答案】B 易错点 3 信息错位，忽视题干Once when I was
23、 facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice Ive ever had: Be bold and brave and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it
24、 was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.Boldness means
25、 a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas even physical strength greater than most of us realize.Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritua
26、l ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line, s
27、aid Tim. I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet (子弹) and stopped him cold.So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities and youll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.1.What was especially important for Tims succe
28、ssful defense in the football game?A. His physical strength. B. His basic skill.C. His real fear. D. His spiritual force.【错因分析】 考生在解答本题时，如果没有注意到题干中的关键词 especially，很容易误选 B，主要是以为误解了文中的信息Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.，认为一个优秀的足球运动员应该具备很好的
29、技能。其实，只要把握住了题干中的 especially，就能容易确定答案了。【参考答案】 D 审清题干，锁定范围考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。(2017全国新课标 II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Ki
30、d, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of
31、 making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and
32、 virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen.We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something ba
33、ck he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at e
34、vents.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?A. Paul Newman wanted it.B. The stu
35、dio powers didnt like his agent.C. He wasnt famous enough.D. The director recommended someone else.:【答案】C 易错点 4 断章取义，忽视语篇You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(贫困 ) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged smal
36、l businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the worlds most promisingchangemakers seeking to solve(解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing
37、 is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young peoples ambition to set u
38、p programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of
39、all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhakas streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把制成堆肥 ) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were st
40、ruggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000.Drayton is optimistic t
41、hat in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.The authors attitude towards Ashokas programme can be described as _Achanging BforgivingCcautious Dpositive【错因分析】 文章介绍了 Bill Drayton 创办的机构 Ash
42、oka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细节内容，可能误选 A 或 C。【参考答案】 D 重视语境，挖掘信息近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论，无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to
43、 be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of todays students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was decisive break from
44、parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with cou
45、rsework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college n
46、eeds to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves trying on new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide safe spaces within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intelle
47、ctual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their soc
48、ial behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by
49、their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understan
