1、专题十五 主旨大意,高考英语 (天津市专用),A组 自主命题天津卷题组 Passage 1(2018天津夏,C)词数:365 Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus:food. Recent develop- ment has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the indus- try isnt stopping there. Food production With
2、 a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for deco- ration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly th
3、e same,”freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table. Sustainability(可持续性),五年高考,The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will n
4、eed to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts be- lieve printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类)and grass to replace the familiar ingred
5、ients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock“food”that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements. Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a profess
6、or at Columbia University, said,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, you d eat something baked just for you on demand.” Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3
7、D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.,Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物)before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D
8、 food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants. 1.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food prod
9、uction? A.It helps cooks to create new dishes. B.It saves time and effort in cooking. C.It improves the cooking conditions. D.It contributes to restaurant decorations. 2.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3? A.It solves food shortages easily. B.It quickens the transportation of
10、food. C.It needs no space for the storage of food. D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.,3.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food . A.is more available to consumers B.can meet individual nutritional needs C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets D.can keep all the nutrition in raw ma
11、terials 4.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The printing process is complicated. B.3D food printers are too expensive. C.Food materials have to be dry. D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing. 5.What could be the best title of the passage? A.3D Food Printi
12、ng:Delicious New Technology B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C.The Challenges for 3D Food Production D.3D Food Printing:From Farm to Table,答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了3D打印技术在食品领域的应用。它可以节省 时间,减少制作食物付出的努力,增加食物供应的持续性,增加食品营养的个性化,当然也面临 着很多挑战。 1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段中关键信息on a mass scale(大量地)和第二段第二句话(不是每 一个人都能做到那
13、一点,它需要花费数年的经验,但是一台打印机使它变得简单)可知,在制作 食物时3D打印技术可以节省时间,减少制作食物付出的努力,故选B项。 2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段第四句(一些专家认为打印机能够使用从像藻类和草等丰富的 可再生资源中获得的水解胶体来代替熟悉的烹饪原料)可确定答案为D项。 3.B 推理判断题。根据第四段直接引语中的第一句话(食物打印能使客户打印含有定制的有 营养的比如维他命的内容的食物)可确定答案为B项。 4.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段第三句话(除了那一点以外,绝大部分3D食物打印机现在局 限于干燥的原料,因为肉和牛奶产品可能容易变质)可确定答案为C项。 5.A 主旨大意题
14、。文章第一句为主题句,它告诉我们文章的主题为3D打印技术的新领域 食品,接下来主要介绍了这一应用的优点,也提及了它面临的挑战。故选A项。,难句分析 原句:Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. 分析:句子的主干为most ingred
15、ients must be changed to a paste and the printing process is quite time-consuming。句中连词and连接两个并列分句,在第一个分句中before引导时间状语从句, 第二个分句中含有一个because引导的原因状语从句。 译文:现在,绝大部分原料在打印机使用它们前必须被变成糊状物。而且,打印的过程非常耗费 时间,因为原料的相互作用是一个复杂的过程。 重点词汇 on a mass scale 大量地 contribute to 导致,有助于;贡献 solution n.解决方法 词汇积累 complicated adj.
16、 复杂的 maintain v.维持,保留,Passage 2(2018天津春,C)词数:396 If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?Could you still find your way home?A loggerhead turtl
17、e(海龟)could. According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的)sense based on Earths magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches. Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect(探测 到)magnetic fiel
18、ds. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs. As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic
19、sense?Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea. Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The,light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether
20、 newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”(罗盘). He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earths. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic fi
21、eld. Then they let the newborns go. At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed(颠倒) the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the
22、new “east”. This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard fo
23、r the turtle. Lohmanns work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many ques- tions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study.,1.Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they . A.bring up their young B.recognize landmarks C.detect mag
24、netic fields D.learn to find directions 2.What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense? A.Weak light reflected off the ocean. B.Help from adult loggerheads. C.Bright sunlight from the sky. D.Food in warmer waters. 3.In the experiment, after the newborns magnetic sense was set,
25、their moving direction was de- termined by . A.the light B.the magnetic field,C.other unknown factors D.the light and the magnetic field 4.What is the significance of Lohmanns research work? A.It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B.It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C.I
26、t offers a new solution to environmental pollution. D.It helps protect the loggerheads living environment. 5.What could be the best title of the passage? A.Experiments on Loggerheads B.The Survival of the Sea Turtle C.The Loggerheads Built-in “Compass” D.Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals,答
27、案 语篇解读 本文为说明文。介绍了一种依靠自身对地球磁场的感应来判别方向的海龟。 1.D 细节理解题。由题干关键词Loggerheads、whales、differ定位到文中第三段第二句The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense.可知选D。learn to use their magnetic sense与learn to find directions表达的是同一个意思。 2.A 细节理解题。由第四段的内容并结合第五段的第二句和第
28、五句以及第七段首句可确定 答案为A。 3.B 推理判断题。由文中提到的实验并结合倒数第二段首句This and the follow-up experi- ments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “com- passes” and then remember the “correct” direction.可知答案为B。 4.D 细节理解题。由尾段首句Lohmanns work has led others to protect the habitat of
29、 this en- dangered species.可知答案为D。 5.C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知,继首段引出主题后,文章都在讲述一种海龟是如何通过自 身的磁场感应能力来辨别方向的。故答案为C。,词汇提示 1.abandon vt. 放弃,抛弃 2.cue n. 暗示,提示 长难句 This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the out- side world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “c
30、orrect” direction.(that 引导宾语从句;并列连词and连接宾语从句中的并列谓语动词use和 remember,use sth. to do sth. 用做某事),Passage 3(2017天津夏,A)词数:307 Suppose youre in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after youv
31、e clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. Clicking “send”too soon Dont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title e
32、xplaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep,the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your
33、 error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all”unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday youd like to take. In this instance, t
34、he best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to some- thing worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversa- tion. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm dow
35、n. Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message,about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person youre dis- cussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possibl
36、e and say sorry. Explain your frustra- tions calmly and sensiblysee it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 1.After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel . A.curious B.tired C.awful D.funny 2.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is
37、 best to . A.apologise in a serious manner B.tell the receiver to ignore the error C.learn to write the name correctly D.send a short notice to everyone 3.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all”email? A.Try offering other choices. B.Avoid further involvement
38、. C.Meet other staff members. D.Make a light-hearted apology.,4.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email? A.By promising not to offend the receiver again. B.By seeking support from the receivers friends. C.By asking the receiver to control his anger. D.By talking to the rece
39、iver face to face. 5.What is the passage mainly about? A.Defining email errors. B.Reducing email mistakes. C.Handling email accidents. D.Improving email writing. 答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。在日常生活中你可能会不经意发错电子邮件,造成不必要 的尴尬或冒犯别人。本文就这个问题提出了几种解决的办法。 1.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的 “You freeze in horror and burn with shame.”可知,在你
40、意识到发错了邮件时,你会惊恐地愣住,羞得脸颊发烫。由此可知你会感觉很糟糕。curious 好 奇的;tired劳累的;awful糟糕的;funny 滑稽的。,2.A 推理判断题。根据Writing the wrong name部分中的“Respond quickly and briefly, apol- ogising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly”可以推断出,在写 错名字时,要立即道歉,并且说话的语调要有分寸,不能太轻率,也就是你要严肃认真地道歉,所 以答案为A项。 3.B 推理判断题。
41、根据Clicking “reply all” unintentionally部分中的 “In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.”可以推断出,出现这种情况时,你要 离开键盘,让每个人都冷静下来,也就是不要继续参与讨论,所以答案为B项。 4.D 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的 “In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry.”可知,出现这种情况时,要亲自向收件人道歉,所以答案为D项。 5.
42、C 主旨大意题。根据第三段 “What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.”可知,本文的主题就是当发错邮件时你应该如何补救。本文列举了四种常见的错 误以及相应的补救措施,所以答案为C项。 重点词汇 freeze v.结冰;(因害怕等)惊呆,吓呆 version n.版本 ignore v.忽略;忽视 offend- ed adj.生气的 frustration n.沮丧;懊恼 词汇积累 realisation n.认识;意识;领悟 swiftly adv.快地;迅速地 accidentally adv
43、.意外地;偶 然地,Passage 4(2017天津春,B) 词数:330 Pre-school children who spend time together take on one anothers personalities, a new study has found. The study shows that environment plays a key role in shaping peoples personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche(心理), the re
44、search finds that personality traits(特征)are “contagious”(传染的)among children. “Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality cant be changed,” said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study. The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes
45、 for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or outgoing gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on e
46、ach other than people may realize. The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psy-,chology study found that rudeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person “like a disease”. The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an
47、 employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them. The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social “climate” in their workplaces, which in- cluded offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in
48、 the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their col- leagues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with
49、 others or failing to give praise. Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the work- place can do as it can damage the working environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1.What does the underlined part “flies in the face
50、 of” in Paragraph 1 mean? A.Leads to. B.Results from. C.Goes against. D.Agrees with.,2.According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on childrens personality? A.Their parents. B.Their friends. C.The researchers. D.The psychologists. 3.Which of the following is considered rude at the workpla
51、ce? A.Ignoring the faults of co-workers. B.Not sending emails to workmates. C.Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses. D.Not inviting a colleague to a company party. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.Ones personality is hard to change. B.Ones personality is shaped by genes. C.Ones personality traits can spread to others. D.Ones personality traits can change overnight. 5.This passage is most probably taken from . A.a science report B.a study guide C.a school textbook D.a technical journal,
