1、地下水就是渗入地下空隙的水。一般说最丰富的地下水资源是大气水，这是参与水循环的那一部分地下水。一般来说大气水来自降水活动或湖水溪流向地下的渗入。在这些水分重回地表之前，它们可以在地下停留相当长的时期。一般想来，我们脚下坚硬的土地能承载那么多水分确实很不可思议。储水所必需的空间有多种形式。最普遍的是在沙砾和小卵石等松散不固定的颗粒之间。这些东西就存在于我们看不见的土壤底下。它们可以在曾经有携带粗糙沉淀物的急流经过的地方发现。例如，在冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰川消融时，大量融水承载沙石并在速度减缓后留下沉积物，也就是所谓冰川冲积。同样的状况现在也在发生，虽然规模稍小。装满沉淀物的河流从山谷流向附近的
2、平底，并在河水流走后留下沉淀物。水流通常会以扇形延伸，并留下沉淀物形成扇形的平滑斜坡。沉淀物还可能被留在河流入湖入海时减速的地带，起初沉淀会停留在湖床或海床，但随后就会由于海平面降低或是土地隆起向内陆延伸，这样的沉积物有时会有数千米厚。低地国家的绝大部分土地之下都可能是被土壤掩埋的过去的河床，如果它们现在仍然在地下水位以下，之前河床沙坝的沙石就会混入地下水中。关于不固定的沉积物就说到这里。稳固的沉淀物同样有着千百万可储水的细孔。这是因为最早的沙砾空隙可能并未被填满，此外，部分沙石可能在组合成石块或者之后的任何时间被渗入的地下水溶解。结果就是，沙石会像组成它的松散沙砾一样多孔。那一部分松散或是坚
3、固的沉淀物间形成了空隙。绝大多数晶石要坚固的多，除了花岗岩。花岗岩由凝固的岩浆形成，他们内部往往有着很多小气泡，这一特性使它们同样多孔。岩石内空隙的比率就是所谓多孔性。但多孔性和渗透性不同，但渗透性主要用来衡量水是否能穿过，这与独立的小孔和与之关联的裂缝的尺寸有关。许多石头或渗入水分的沉积物样本如果放置于适度干燥的环境下，水分就都会渗出。但是有一些仍会残留，附着在沉淀表面。使之附着的力量是表面张力，如果没有张力的话水就会迅速从任何潮湿的地方渗透留下完全干燥的表面。cling klv. 粘紧; 紧贴; 附着proportion proportion | prprn /-p-n. 比例, 部份,
4、均衡v. 使成比例, 分摊, 使均衡porous porous | prsadj. 多孔的, 多孔性的, 有气孔的percolate percolate | prklet /p-v. 过滤; 使浸透; 使渗出; 过滤; 浸透; 渗出minute minute | mntn. 分; 一会儿, 片刻; 备忘录v. 将 .记录下来; 将.记入会议记录adj. 微小的; 详细的; 琐细的; 精密的fanwise 英音：fnwaiz 美音：fn,waz 呈扇形展开Outwash 冲击laden laden | lednadj. 装满的; 苦恼的; 负担重的coarse ksadj. 粗糙的, 粗俗的,
5、下等的gravel gravel | grvln. 砂砾; 砂砾层v. 铺碎石, 使搁浅, 使困惑pebble pebble | pebln. 小圆石, 小鹅卵石v. 用卵石铺; 在上印卵石花纹; 用卵石连续扔emerge emerge | mdv. 浮现, 脱出, 形成saturate saturate | stretv. 浸透; 使湿透; 渗透; 使充满practicable practicable | prktkbladj. 可实行的, 可用的, 可做的（21）The Presidents secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been ins
6、tructed to “explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean many offer the most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce.”总统的秘书 XXX 上尉接到了这样的命令“去探索 XX 河，以及它主要的支流。
7、因为它与太平洋相交汇，又覆盖整块大陆，这些最直接可用的水路可以开发做商用”总统秘书，麦瑞维泽尔路易斯上尉接到指示去考察密苏里河及其主要支流，因为它的航道及其与太平洋水域的交通可能为商务提供穿越大陆最直接、最可行的水上通道。A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and s
8、teel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.十九世纪，一系列机械上的改进持续发生。包括用以演唱和柔和化音调的踏板的引入，金属框架的完善，最佳质量的钢丝，最终，一个可以在声音效果上
9、达到完满的管弦乐器诞生了。它有着无数的声音和最细微处的和谐。？一系列机械改良一直持续到 19 世纪，包括引进延长或柔化音调的踏板；完善金属构架，使用品质极优的钢丝。从而最终产生了一件拥有多种音调效果的乐器，包括从最细致的和声到管弦乐队般饱满的声音，从流动的歌唱声到尖锐的打击乐器般的辉煌声音。percussive p:ksiv adj. 打击乐的 , 冲击的, 由于冲击的myriad myriad | mrdn. 万, 无数的人或物, 无数sustain sustain | sstenv. 支撑; 维持, 供养; 承受, 承担; 支援support 系常用词, 指“ 支撑“、“给某人 物以积极援
10、助或支持uphold 指“对某人、某种活动、信仰等给予道义上支持sustain 指“支撑 “、“维持“ maintain 指“ 使保持某种情况或状态而不受损害“ back 指“支持(论点、行动、企业等)“,In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end
11、of the eighteenth century.十七世纪，风琴 XX 是键盘部分最主要的乐器，他们直到 18 世纪钢琴出现才被从至高无上的地位取代下来。在 17 世纪，风琴、敲弦古钢琴和拨弦古钢琴成为重要的键盘乐器，他们一直保持着至高无上的地位，直至 18 世纪末钢琴取而代之。supplant supplant | splnt /-plntv. 排挤掉, 代替supremacy supremacy | spremsn. 至高无上; 优势; 最高地位 ; 主权organ :gn n.器官, 风琴, 机构, 喉舌, 报刊The largest, later named Pueblo Bonit
12、o (Pretty Town) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000 or more.那个之后被以西班牙语冠名为“漂亮小镇”的最大的建筑有着五层种满玫瑰的梯田，共有800 多个房间，可以同时容纳 1000 个或更多的人。最大的一座后来被西班牙人叫做 Pueblo Bonito（美丽的城镇） ，它由五层楼且带有走廊，有 800 多间房子，能够容纳 1000 人甚至更多。terraced ter
13、raced | terstadj. 联立的; 梯田的Using only stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar. 仅使用石制和木制工具
14、，没有滑轮和蓄力牵引，建筑者们从峡谷中发现数以吨级的沙石并切割成效砖块，把它们搬运至建筑工地，再用黏土泥巴使之粘合排列。建筑工们没有轮子和拉车的牲口，只用石制和木制工具从谷梁上挖掘成吨成吨的砂石，把它们切成小块拖到建筑工地，并用泥灰把这些砂石垒在一起。haul hln. 用力拖拉; 拉; 拖v. 拖拉; 拖运; 拖; 改变方向; 拉canyon canyon | knjnn. 峡谷; 溪谷quarry quarry | kwr ,kw- /kw-n. 猎物; 被追逐的目标#石场 ; 丰富源泉; 露天矿场; 来源# 方形玻璃, 菱形玻璃; 方形石, 菱形石v. 从采石场采得; 从努力发掘For
15、a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical piece
16、s. 在很长一段时间电影项目的选取工作都完全交由导演或乐队首席乐手，而登上这最主要地位的资格不是技术或品味而是是否私人持有大量乐器。在很长的时间内，为各种影片选择配乐完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常把持这种职位的资格不是技巧或鉴赏品位，而是拥有一个大的音乐作品的个人。Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent,” the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 虽然我们已经习惯于称呼 1927 年前的
17、电影默片，但实际上当时的电影并不是完全意义上的“默片”尽管我们习惯于将 1927 年以前的电影称为“无声电影”，但是就无声这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。accustomed kstmd adj.习惯了的, 通常的When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the ma
18、rgin of the plates.collide collide | kladv. 碰撞, 抵触, 互撞buckle buckle | bkln. 皮带扣, 扣子v. 扣住, 使弯曲; 扣住, 屈服 , 变弯曲当两大板块碰撞时，太轻而无法保持形态的大陆地块在板块的边缘处屈折成山脉链。当两个携带大陆的板块相撞时，大陆性地壳由于非常轻，因此不能被拉到下面，而是继续漂浮，从而变得弯曲并突出，沿着板块边缘形成了与其长度相当的山系。New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issui
19、ng from deeper layers of the Earths crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. 新的海洋地壳在板块的边缘处形成，它可能来源于深层地壳，比如在中央峡谷处的火山喷发。新的海洋型地壳是由从大陆型地壳深层流出的物质（例如中海山脊熔岩的火山喷发物）沿每个板块的一个或几边而形成的。核心词汇issue vi.发行, 流出, 造成.结果, 进行辩护, 传下词汇比较issuance n.发行, 发布经典例句Blood issued from the cut.There are tw
20、o kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earths surface.dense densadj. 密集的; 浓厚的一共有两种地壳，偏低偏紧密的洋壳和上部偏轻的，只占地表四成的地壳地壳分为两种，一种是较低较厚重的海洋型地壳，另一种是在地球表面只发现有 40%的较高、较轻的大陆型地壳。preserve 保护、维持、保存thatch n 茅草屋sturdy adj 强壮的、结实的
21、withstand 经受、承受、抵住nutshell n 极小的住家、坚果壳involve vt 包含、使卷入beam n.束；梁；笑容rafter n.椽子reed n 芦苇、芦丛bundles of 很多捆colonist n 殖民者shingle n 木瓦、屋顶板plentiful adj 丰富的、大量的slate n 页岩、石板clay n 粘土tile n 瓦片Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm where traditions of the past preserved for visitors like you. Today our
22、 master thatches will begin giving this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof able to withstand heavy winds and last for up to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters, then wooden skeleton of the roof with wood and straw. Our thatches
23、 here have harvested their natural materials for the job. The bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching is certainly uncommon here in the US today, I guess thats why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasnt always that way. In the 17th century
24、, colonists here thatched their roofs with reed and straw just as they done in England. After a while though, they began to replace the thatches with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful. And eventually other roofing materials like stone, slate and clay tiles came into use.Its a real shame
25、that most people today dont realize how strong and long lasting a thatched roof is. In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour. Thats because straw and reeds are so flexible. They bend but dont break in the wind like other mate
26、rials can. Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then, of course, theres the roofs longevity - the average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldnt it be wonderful to
27、see this disappearing craft return to popularity?Task 1 What new skill would you like to learn? Explain why this skill would be good for you to have Include details and examples to support your response Sample answer:A new skill that I would like to learn is to cook.China enjoys a worldwide reputati
28、on as “kingdom of cuisine”. Chinese dishes are popular all over the world. And I, as a Chinese student who would be overseas later, am expected to know how to cook food that shows the perfect combination of “color, aroma and taste”the three essential factors in judging Chinese cooking. It would be a
29、 good skill to have because I could ask my classmates and friends over to my house and cook for them. Also, I could do a television cooking show to publicize our food culture. Maybe I could make money that way, but the main reason is I enjoy cooking and want to share with people the pleasure derived
30、 from itcuisine cuisine | kwizinn. 烹调风格, 烹饪, 烹调法publicize publicize | pblsazv. 宣传; 广告; 公布derive derive | dravv. 得自; 起源Task 2 Some people plan every detail of their vacation in advance Others prefer to leave most details flexible or open to chance Which do you think is better and why? Use specific re
31、asons to support your answer Sample answer: I think advance planning is critical to a successful vacation, regardless of whether the trip is long or short. To have a comfortable vacation, its necessary to check the climate for the time to plan to visit. And it is always a good idea to make advance h
32、otel reservations. Planning the vacation in advance will also give us more time to prepare for it and to ensure that we have all of the needed. This could mean we will not have to miss out on activities because of not having the correct equipment Especially when we decide to go camping for vacation,
33、 reservations in advance allow us to determine ahead of time whether or not the campground has a lake, hiking trails, electricity, etc .Besides, we get the idea of what to take. Last but not least, advance vacation planning is likely to make our experience a more memorable one reservation reservatio
34、n | rez(r)venn. 保留, 预约, 预定Task 3 Reading: 【学校通知】：说学校要求学生一学期做 10小时的志愿者。Listening: 【学生议论】：女生不同意。原因有二： 1）硬性规定会让学生反感。2）做义工的地方太远并不方便，学生大多数没有私家车，难以到远处服务。Sample answer: In the reading material, the university is considering requiring the students to do 10 hours volunteer work one semester. In the listening
35、 material, we clearly learn that the woman doesnt like the idea One reason she gives is that students wont be happy about the compulsory requirement. Another reason is based on the fact that the place where volunteers are needed to work is too far. She also thinks its a lot of trouble because most o
36、f students dont own a car and its hard to get there. Therefore, she disagrees with that opinion require require | rkwa(r)v. 需要, 要求, 命令compulsory compulsory | -lsradj. 被强制的, 义务的, 强迫的Task 4 Reading: 【课文要点】讲生态自我恢复能力。如果一个生态环境中有多个种群的话，那么消失一个种群不会破坏整个生态系统。Listening:【教授举例】一种珊瑚礁(coral reef)的故事。珊瑚礁生态系统中物种很多，其
37、中有一种鱼，因为水污染死掉了，这种鱼是吃水藻的，于是作为这种鱼的食物，水藻就变得很多，然后因为这地方生物多样性，其他生物取代了那种鱼来吃水藻。珊瑚系统就不会被破坏。而如果珊瑚系统物种很少，结果可以想象。Sample answer:The reading passage explains a definition of ecological balance. It states that the disappearance of one species group wont destroy the whole ecosystem if there are different kinds of s
38、pecies groups in an ecological environment. In the listening passage, the professor gives a talk on coral reef He explains by giving an example that a kind of fish was dead due to the pollution. So there was a larger quantity of algae, which is the food of the fish He goes on to further explain that
39、 the larger quantity of algae didnt destroy the coral reef because of biodiversity. Other species ate algae in stead of the fish. However, if there were fewer kinds of species in the environment, the coral reef ecosystem would definitely be destroyed By these means, he proves that natural balance in
40、 an ecosystem isnt destroyed by the loss of one species but maintained due to the variety of species biodiversity baiu.daiv:sti n. 生物多样性Task 5 【学生困难】：男生要去招聘会，但和他在饭店打工的时间有冲突。【解决方案】：女生提供两个方案： 1) 和其他同事换班，男生说不太好，我老板已经很好人了，尽量安排我不在学习时间打工，我不想麻烦他了。2) 在招聘会开始时去，虽然不是所有公司都会到，但你至少可以看到几家公司，还可以约他们结束以后谈嘛。男生说可是万一好公司
41、还没来呢。Sample answer: In the conversation, the man is telling his friend about the schedule conflict he is torn between going to a career fair and doing his part time job at the restaurant. The woman offers him two possible solutions. One of the solutions she comes up with is to talk to his co-worker
42、and change the schedule with him. The other solution is to come to the fair before going to work and meet at least several companies and then make appointments later in the day. I think the second idea serves his purpose better because it would be very helpful for his future career. Even though not
43、all companies will be there at the time, he would still have some idea of the future job market and his later choice. After all, a part-time job may not guarantee him a long-standing career, so he should not miss the chance Task 6 【讲课要点】：说婴儿和父母的关系如何建立， 1) 原先科学家认为婴儿是谁给奶吃就认谁是娘。2) 后来发现接触是关键。用幼猴做试验，将母猴分
44、成clothed 和bare两组，然后都给幼猴喂，发现幼猴更愿意跟clothed母猴待在一起。Sample answer: The lecture tells us how the bond between parents and infants is established originally, scientists thought children like the person who feed them or love warn touch and the one who breast feeds infants is the mother But later they found
45、out that human contact is the most important thing They did an experiment using baby monkeys They divide mother monkeys into two groupsclothed and bare The two groups both feed the baby monkeys And finally the scientists discovered that baby monkeys would like to stay with the clothed mother monkeys
46、 more Complexity kmpleksiti 复杂性 Considerable knsidrbl 相当大的重要的, 相当大的, 可观的Disturbance dist:bns 打扰，扰乱 Fragile frd_ail 易碎的 Likewise laikwaiz 同样地 Tricycle ,traisikl 三轮车 Adjacent deisnt邻近的 Vacate vkeit 空出，让出 Intact intkt 完整无缺的Withdrawal widr_:l, wi- 撤退 Conserve kns:v, k_ns:v 保存 Incentive insentiv 动机 Grand
47、iose rndius 宏伟的 Scheme ski:m 计划，方案， 密谋，策划Compress kmpres, k_mpres 压紧，压缩 Triple tripl 三倍的 Partialp:l部分的，不完整的 Strain strein 紧张，拉近 Resilience rizilins还原能力，适应力 Climax klaimks 顶点，极点 Cumulative kju:mju,leitiv 积累的 Property pr_pti 所有物 Well wel 井 Drill dril 钻孔 Ensuingensju:i继而发生的 Onward _nwd 向前 Tap tp 从放出液体 Spray sprei 喷洒 Unprecedented npresidntid 前所未有的 Negligible neglidbl可以忽略的 Replenish ripleni_ 补充 Rancher r:nt_, rn- 大牧场主 Geometric dimetrik几何学的 Sorghum s:gm高粱 Acreageeikrid英亩数 Capillary kpilri, kpi- 毛细管的，毛状的 Drastically drstikli彻底地，激烈地 Necessitate nisesi,teit, n- 需要，必要
