1、Unit 3Sino-UK Trade Ties,商务英语翻译（英译汉）,英语从句的翻译,3.1 定语从句限制性从句：语气强。非限制性从句：语气弱。绝大部分英语定语从句是后置的。较长的英语定语从句不宜译成汉语中的定语，可以使用其它方法如分句，重复名词，使用诸如它，他，她，它，他们等标志词来处理。,1. He who doesnt want to be a general isnt a good soldier.不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。 （简单句）2. Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distrib
2、ution and sale, through which profit of economic surplus will be created.商务是指生产，配送，销售等一切活动的组合，通过这些活动，创造利润和经济盈余。（按顺序直译）,4. Although he is a green hand, he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success in the field.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。(重复先行词） 5. International trad
3、e transactions refer to the exportation of goods or services from one country to another, which is the importing country.国际贸易是指将商品或服务从一个国家出口到另一个国家，即进口的国家。（说明性定语：即） 6. He had great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。（主句压缩成词组译作主语，
4、而把定语从句的动词译作其谓语 ）,7. As imports are financed by exports, which help to gain foreign currency to import the badly needed raw materials, technology and equipment, the capacity of a nation to import obviously depends on its export performance.由于进口依靠出口来融资，出口获得的外汇可用来进口急需的原材料，技术和设备，因此一个国家的进口能力显然取决于出口业绩的好坏。
5、（重复名词）8. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment （MAI）aims to achieve a situation where foreign investors are not discriminated against, but they are still subject to the same substantive laws and regulations that apply to domestic investors.多边投资协定的目标是要达到这样一种境界外国投资者不受歧视，但他们仍和国内投资者一样要接受同样的基本法规的管制。（标
6、点符号）,9. The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and descriptions required by the contract and which are contained or packed in the manner required by the contract.卖方交付的货物必须与合同规定的数量，质量和规格一致，并按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装。(定语从句翻译成汉语的谓语结构）,3.2 同位语从句的翻译,只能由that 引导。从句前的名词是表示概念性的抽象名词。如view, ide
7、a, order, suggestion, question, conviction, message等。同位语是将名词具体化。翻译时可将名词译为：这样的观点/信念/主意：或者在观点后使用逗号，然后以“即”“也就是” 引出同位语承载的信息。,1. I will share with President Carter my conclusion that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind.我要把我的结论告诉卡特总统，即为
8、了我们两国人民的利益，为了全人类的利益，我们双方一定会更加亲密。2. The Great Depression gave rise to the fear that such catastrophes would recur or even that the American economy would live in a state of permanent depression unless radical changes were made in the economic system.二十世纪三十年代的经济大萧条曾使人们害怕这种灾难会重演，甚至使人们担心美国经济会陷入永久性萧条状态，除
9、非对其经济制度进行大幅度改革。,3.3 状语和状语从句的翻译,通常来说1.将状语置于汉语的谓语动词之前充当汉语句子的状语。2.将状语置于汉语句子中主语的前面充当状语。3.从句可置于句首，句中，句末。,1. Besides learning the prescribed textbooks, you are supposed to read more books on your subject in order that you may expand your scope of knowledge.为了扩大知识面，你们除了学好规定的课本之外，还应该阅读一些与专业有关的书籍。2. Culture
10、shock does not seem like a very helpful experience, when you are going through its four stages.当你在经历文化冲击的四个阶段时，它似乎并不是一件有益的事。3. The UN was established in order that peace and development can be promoted.创建联合国的目的就是为了要推动和平与发展。,4.Ill be right here waiting for you, wherever you go, and whatever you do.无论
11、你去哪儿，无论你做什么，我都会在这儿等你。5. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30,000 in favor of the seller through a bank at export point so that the sel
12、ler may draw the sum in due time.买方须于本合同签字并生效后的三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤消信用证支付全部贷款计30000 美元，以便卖方及时提取款项。,6. Buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers by fax 10 days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel, a
13、pproximate loading capacity(受载重量）, lay days（装卸日期） and port of loading.买方或其租船代理人须于载货轮抵达装运港10前以传真方式通知卖方合同号，船名，大约受载重量，预计抵达日期及装运港名。7. If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however,
14、 that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.若须对本协议的条款进行任何修改，双方须经协商妥善解决，但本协议的任何修改须经协议双方政府的批准。,【Translation】,Without doubt, this international financial crisis has landed the world economy in the most difficult situation since the Great Depress
15、ion. China, as a developing country with heavy reliance on foreign trade, is experiencing a hard time in economic growth, particularly in foreign trade and investment. Since November 2008, Chinas imports and exports have seen negative growth for 3 consecutive months, while inward investment has been
16、 sliding. Weve also noted that economic growth and employment here in Britain has also been dealt a heavy blow. Two-way trade between China and Britain has suffered as well. In January 2009, bilateral trade value dropped 21.6% year on year. The gravity and speed of the decline are unprecedented inde
17、ed.,To tackle the crisis and challenges, countries have taken various countermeasures, contributing greatly to restoring confidence and mitigating the consequences of the crisis. However, in the face of a crisis, efforts of a single country are far from enough. In a world featuring globalization, ec
18、onomies are inextricably interwoven with each other. The history of world economy has proven that insulation and protectionism offers no way out; openness and cooperation is the right recipe to heal a crisis.,Despite the severe challenges in front of us, globalization based on scientific advance and
19、 global allocation of resources will remain irreversible. Economies will be even more linked to and dependent on each other. Britain is the birthplace of the idea of free trade. Adam Smiths theories have influenced international trade over the past 200 odd years. We believe that there are boundless
20、opportunities in the future, and spring is right around the corner.,【Version for Reference】,中英贸易关系毋庸置疑，这场国际金融危机使世界经济陷入上世纪大萧条以来最困难的境地。作为一个高度依赖对外贸易的发展中国家，中国的经济增长，特别是对外贸易投资领也正遭遇困难时期。从2008年11月份开始，中国进出口贸易连续三个月出现负增长，吸收外商直接投资出现了明显下滑趋势。我们也注意到，英国的经济增长和就业也遭受了严重打击。中英双边贸易也受到负面影响。今年1月，中英双边贸易额同比下降21.6%，下降幅度之大、速度之
21、快是罕见的。当前，为应对危机和挑战，世界各国纷纷出台了应对措施，这对重振信心、缓解危机起到了重要作用。但在危机面前，仅仅依靠单个国家的努力远远不够。因为在经济全球化的趋势下，当今的世界经济舞台已经形成了“你中有我，我中有你”的局面。世界经济史业已证明，与世隔绝和保护主义没有出路；对外开放和相互合作才是克服危机的良方。尽管当前我们遇到了严峻的挑战，但以科技进步和生产要素全球配置为基础的经济全球化趋势不会逆转，各国经济相互联系和依赖的程度仍将继续加强。英国是自由贸易思想的发源地，亚当斯密的理论影响了二百多年来的国际贸易实践。我们坚信，未来商机无限，春天就将来临。,【Tips for Transla
22、tion】,翻译的步骤一般来说，翻译过程主要包括理解、表达和检测这三个方面。1. 理解理解（comprehension）可分为广义理解和狭义理解。广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反映。狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理解。这中理解主要包括语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis）。理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件和重要步骤，务必正确可靠，杜绝谬误。分析原文就是细致处理词位的所指意义和联想意义、研究句法和语
23、篇结构。正如本书在不同章节已经指出的那样，理解和领会原文是从事各种翻译的基本功。翻译中大多数的失误都是因为没有过好这一关。如果译者确实理解了原文的涵义，又能得心应手地驾驭译语，那么翻译就是一个很自然的驾轻就熟的过程。,例句：,1. For some people hope dies slowly. 对有些人来说，希望不会轻易破灭。2. He always lives ahead of his salary. 他总是不到发薪水的日子就把钱花完了。/ 他的薪水总是不够花。3. So thats how I became just another HT kid in school. 就这样，我成了学
24、校里一名和其他孩子一样的普通孩子。4. John Major faces severe social and economic problems as well as tough debate over European integration, but his top priority will be to maintain the Tories long lease on 10 Downing Street.梅杰面临严重的社会和经济问题以及关于欧洲统一的艰苦辩论，但是他的当务之急是维系保守党的长期执政。上述句子里的黑体字是正确理解的关键，译者应做到透过字面意义，领会其内涵意义。,2. 表达
25、表达是理解后能否保证译文成功的又一重要关键步骤，是理解的深化和体现。表达的核心问题是结构重组，就是组织译文中的词汇特征、句法特征和语篇特征，从而使读者能够最大限度地理解和领会译文。在这一过程中，译者要注意恰到好处地再现原文的思想内容和语体色彩，使译文既忠实于原作又符合译入语的语法和表达习惯。要做到这一点，译者就必须在选词用字、组词成句、组句成篇上下功夫，在技巧运用上下功夫。能直译时尽可直译，不能直译时则可考虑意译，灵活运用翻译技巧。,例如：,There is no sky in June to blue that it does not point forward to a bluer； no
26、 sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed.原句中no.not.否定之否定，此处表示“强调”，突出六月的天空之蓝与落日之美，直译就是：六月天空没有不让人想到更蓝的苍穹，即“总让人想起”，point （forward） to: suggest 使人联想到但直译不免拗口，而转为肯定的“总”更符合于习惯，更利于强调，更加优美。后面一句也是同理：没有不让人想到更美景象的落日，即：每次落日都美得让人
27、想到更加绚丽的景象。最后a vision which.是同位语，修饰vision，具体解释这种vision的特点。译文：六月蔚蓝的天空总使人遥想一个更加蔚蓝的苍穹；美丽的落日总会勾起一个更加绚丽的景象，这景象未及饱览就一闪即逝。,又如：,1. It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. 清晨，初升的太阳照着平静的海面，微波荡漾，闪耀着金色的光芒。英语the ripples of the gentle sea译成汉语时在结构上作了调整。这样读起译文来意思清楚，行文漂亮。2. The
28、 sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled.大海平静得出奇，晚霞映照的绚丽多彩，天空已有孤星闪烁。英语原文两句译成汉语合为一句。,表达时还应注意避免翻译腔、过分表达和欠表达。所谓翻译腔，就是指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯，诘屈聱牙，晦涩难懂。例如：3. To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, unti
29、l they were seized with a kind of delirium.为了解渴，读者比以前越饮越深，直到陷入了昏迷状态。这个句子的译文死抠原文形式和字典释义，翻译腔严重，让人难以明白其意思，可改译为： 读者为了满足自己的渴望，越读越想读，直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。所谓过分表达，就是指译文画蛇添足，增加原文没有的东西；而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。,3. 检测校测是对理解和表达质量的全面检查，是纠正错误、改进译文的极好时机，切不可认为是多余之举。优秀的译者总是十分重视校核的作用，总是利用这一良机来克服自己可能犯下的错误，初学翻译的人就更应该如此了。最有
30、效的检测方法有以下四种：（1） 邀请几位读者代表朗读译文；（2） 仔细分析朗读者的面部表情；（3） 请听过译文朗读的人向没有听过朗读的人讲述内容；（4） 填空检测法。.,【Exercises】,选择合适的译文，并作出合理的解释。1. Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker. 译1：他们的口音不能愚弄本地人。 译2：本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人。2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social pro
31、blems evaporate. 译1：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。 译2：砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。3. He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach. 译1：他感到一阵恐惧涌上胃口。 译2：他感到一阵恐惧涌上心头。,4. He bent solely upon profit. 译1：他只屈身于利润之前。 译2：只有利润才使他低头。 译3：他惟利是图。5. The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English languag
32、e. 译1：现在太阳从英国国旗上有规则地落下，但是英语却不是这种情况。/现在英国国旗上照到的阳光日益减少，但英语却不是这种情况。 译2：现在，英国已不再是个“日不落”的国家了，但是英语却还是在广泛地流行使用。（Union Jack英国国旗）6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago. 译1：他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多。 译2：他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。 译3：他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。,7. Shakespeare put his
33、 hometown on the map. 译1：莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。 译2：莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。8. John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at the party. 译1：晚会上，约翰不愿从壳里钻出来与其他人说话。 译2：晚会上，约翰不愿丢掉矜持与别人交谈。9. He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks. 译1：他用橡皮支票付账，并给自己带来了麻烦。 译2：他用空头支票结账，并给自己带来了麻烦。10. The tea
34、cher sat on his student as soon as he began showing off.译1：学生一开始炫耀，老师就坐在了他的身上。译2：学生一开始炫耀就被老师打断了。,11. Inexperienced people get stars in their eyes when they think of improving the world.译1：没有经验的人一想到改善世界就会眼睛里面冒星星。译2：没有经验的人一想到改善世界就迫不及待。12. The nationalized industries have been spoon-fed for so long tha
35、t they dont care whether they give value for money, or make a profit or loss.译1：国有工业长期受到优厚待遇， 他们不在乎钱， 也不在乎盈利或亏。译2：一些国有行业长期受到优厚待遇，他们不在乎钱花得是不是值得，不在乎盈利或亏损。,倍数增加及减少,1. The steel output this year has increased/gone up 3 times.今年的钢产量增加了二倍。2. Its profits are rising four times as fast as the average company.它的利润增长速度比一般公司快三倍。3. The population of Russia is 5 times smaller than that of China.俄罗斯的人口是中国的五分之一，俄罗斯的人口比中国少五分之四。,！,
