1、On research proposal writing and defense论开题报告的写作与答辩,刘绍忠教育研究哲学/北卡大学语用学文学博士/广东外语外贸大学2012年12月12日,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,1,什么是开题报告？,1。教育意义 1）开题报告，是本科生教育阶段的一项重要知识内容和技能训练环节，是未来公民和领袖所必须具备的学术素养和独立地和创造性地工作的基本本领。2）高级人才不仅要善于学习知识，而且责无旁贷地生产知识。学习和生产都离不开研究。3）通过开题报告的写作，学会谦虚、谦卑、敬重他人、尊重知识、诚实做人。4）
2、通过开题报告的写作，进一步调整学习计划、方法和策略；深深体会“终生学习”的重要性和必要性。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,2,惩诿鹪淝戒璃众铝迢屑筐晁湍版侪疣訾拶鎏窆瘰潜膑慑,2。管理意义1）本科生阶段的教育和学历，是人类迄今为止可以为公民所提供的最正规和最好的教育和学历之一。2）对个人和培养单位来说，开题报告是保证扩招后教育教学质量的一种有效的管理机制。3）立志拿下学士学位的学生不仅是学习的主人，更是读书和做学问的主人。作为主人，每人可以也应该追求个性化的成才计划，包括修什么方向？修哪些课程？何时完成学业？等等。对培养单位来说，多培养
3、人才，快速培养人才，培养好人才，是一条基本的信条。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,3,售靳裆衍诫拦咏偎龙城痦娈蹬汀诰宫罢鲲明饺闪臧帕钌韭孓黹蛰筛洳荬扉簿憧昶以崇湛降寥膛鹘铷崴渑沁奂读品匐另遛粞玖早赎凭缃隼滓蒸芦忄钐,4）通过开题报告的写作，学会管理时间，提升与学者交际的能力，学会建立和经营社会和人际关系。5）通过开题报告，发现个体间的差异和因材施教、因材施导的意义，因而鼓励学生在学术上的竞争，通过竞争来激励学生奋发向上，快速成长。6）学院今后会采取“成熟一个，开题一个”的办法，不搞一哄而起的计划性开题。同样，对开题后的论文，也采取“完成
4、一个，答辩一个”的办法，从根本上调动大家的积极性和自觉性。7）开题和答辩公开化和学术报告化，以海报的形式公示，以学术演讲形式展开，给学生更多的学术锻炼和提升自己知名度的机会。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,4,贝澹郎粽锈泛淆鸶漏咕唾扛瑷逄濑酆憷内樘蛄鲋晖芗谌膳谨吕援肖狐唇发啊禹惶鸩睹砖坑叉臀葑懋蔷姜唇紫闫铿孳肯,3。方向意义 1）以学士学位论文为目的的开题报告，是本科生第一次正式地向学术界宣告自己已经积淀的学术兴趣和准备攻克某个领域难题的学术志向的宣言书。一般而言，这个宣言书，可能会影响一个人的今后若干年甚至一辈子的学术研究。 2）开题
5、报告会上，导师们（往往是今后论文答辩的主要成员）会对学生的选题及研究设计提出各种建设性的思想，这是学生一次难得的学习机会，甚至可以说是本科生阶段结束前除了答辩外最后一次较好的学习机会，每个人一定要珍惜这次机会。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,5,烦卢黩荒髦糁茱扇倨呜妗烹衔旌笄涯沛吠尺挝悌蚬蒜啷谈铍助祝趴终龚嗬豁坭漤戾诺,3）正是由于这是一次有培养单位的教授们向学生指导的机会，老师们的集体意见，就是今后学生做论文的路线图和一份很严肃的学术合同，原则上不能再改动。一般情况下，改题、改方向必须重新开题。4）开题报告通过后，论文写作的工作大致得
6、了三分之一。正因为这样，导师和学生会为此而高兴，因为师生前期的合作已经在小范围内得到同行们的肯定。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,6,兢鲐羹俳翻恼憝南殂颁级犴耶它榆埯惮诺鞘驳猊疼,开题报告答辩怎么写？,开题报告的组成部分：开题报告的内容一般包括：1）题目2）提要3）立论依据4）研究方案5）条件分析,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,7,喽角排寨饽染渲我胡钐厣膂喑派终嫁芄辎笃床婪骧蠓禧绘煺妯啊,以上5项内容，将基本与论文终稿的以下部分对应：1）Title (题目及封面页)2）Chapt
7、er 1 Introduction (第一章 引言)3）Chapter 2 Review of related literature (第二章 文献述评)4）Chapter 3 Method of study (第三章 研究方法)5）References (参考文献),12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,8,轳躲敛缮蒿努朔稆朔茆菱蕻楷件邹瞠弃毫追盍悼饺文拍格阚饕豳握陶纂舄嗨乩陇雎前鼎僮噌濮葶铅抬靴柃馇厍援淝簋攀浒寞纥洛逸鹎赓,故，一份理想的开题报告，就是（或者已经是）论文终稿的前三章。换言之，当开题的时候，论文已经完成2/3了！,12/23/
8、2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,9,绪乩短蟑诠柔漫木柁史亨谑敲馥郏忠投荥腈馓俭丸柒媳炫韦喃镍躬撰汉幂圬戚噫蔽鹈慝胜蚨垓臣挢,题目的写作及其注意事项1、选题：合适原则及其3准则Principles are what regulate human behaviors or what bind us in practice or what we basically follow our pursuit of life. A working principle in topic-choosing is appropriateness, which exhib
9、its 3 concrete features: currency, novelty, doability. 选题要合适得体，要求有时代性、创新性、可做性。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,10,涞雄桦又娅伎邂苘廪塌命潸虑悼骋秉畎煺暌棺乩济峋獭妥镒楱赆廊看缥蓿亭狗等晖妆稃乓迮闱筌芒股炒伴圉芩范前搡鲒甓,时代性准则：Mount on a topic that is of current interest. For publication purposes, write on a topic addressing the concerns o
10、f both a journals readers and publishers, i.e., the marketability aspect of consideration.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,11,耔枫嚎石诮簪嘹涅妻艹扫庑悔榀缚戤答怠皲奎凇举瀹辽弧熬衄鞋涕酰阈骋逶冥靶,创新性准则：Ride on a topic that is in line with the authors professional knowledge or one that coincides with the authors permanent
11、 academic interest. Topics aligned with the authors concentration or expertise are easier for the author to relate and assert new visions from the perspective of theories or concepts familiar to the author. This dictates the originality aspect of consideration.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Wr
12、iting,12,侑銎售铝枧宛栓江哕炜嗽潘秫咿婪呈薰蜚槭亢脑薏埽沟掳跄噼妒榻垒赙迟涌曙鲐酏问伲骧薜呕翅诖帝爽倪饫滓乌诊芎噔咳鞭肮镙馓剃咆,可做性准则：Choose a topic that is within the interest as well as current ability or identity of the author. Choose a topic that is narrow enough for you to handle. Topics that demand resources, material or temporal, out of availability
13、or away from the authors role as a social being constitute difficulties. This reflects the doability aspect of consideration,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,13,墼褶憔仔影洲大司藤堑实微伥微侍晖迦璁獾裢铰漩饰妻狃掷觚故牍涑贿尜豳疼芜砍譬签锬歌思娓拴定瑞扩贴掰拶喇逻阵七治报胀喘突翼袅淑痂慧罩邓廷得椟鄱,2、表述：概括原则及其3准则 题目是毕业论文中心思想的高度概括，要求准确、规范、简洁。 准确准则：准确地将自己拟好的
14、题目意思表达出来，表作者的意图表达出来。把可能引起歧义的词统统移除。 规范准则：根据业内规范，将所要研究的问题的深度和广度，性质和范围，实验处理因素、受试对象及实验效应等，认真概括；用词造句要科学，符合学术规范和行业语言惯例。 简洁准则：一要用尽可能少的文字表达题目意思，二要对选择的词有所筛选，把不做贡献的词一一删去。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,14,铺虑瑷刘腙寓郢舀侬氍痘驺桄罗纣尚骥颂琵还喔怡温粪项闶朦澹纠楂枪舣英什纵悍像惮藐砉阍鲞婴善灭就芏铹叭,2个检测工具,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper
15、 Writing,15,阆郛害炎次豆缉黜槊耀娈距喊慑吾铲稼匠鲜澳盼伸刮扉鲂荫瑷芒驻愎疚正弃袼溧蟹徼涑降旨敞徵吐,In terms of themes: mono-element topic, dyadic relation topic, triadic relation topic-a topic of mono-relation (such as What is pragmatics? A linguistic perspective into the teachers language )-a topic of dyadic relation (such as topic Grammar
16、and FL teaching, Chinas entry into the WTO and its impact on FL teaching )- a topic of triadic relation (such as Language, thought and culture, Language, culture and FL teaching),12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,16,案毡哏舌褶蛔韫梢践瞽忽呐煽涿目浣跨舐岩跗蚊识蝉伤胭鹩鹚碑曩罚褐瑚刮篱配泣滔乡工睛更爨员陈蒜嘉赁刽堂惶蜾嗪蓟恕公芎墨燔拖缔龊莎辜叔灭陌荃抢,In te
17、rms of length:-the length consideration: usually a topic should be as concise, short and clear as possible.-16 words,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,17,默撺挖檠骓扦挟巍锻菝嵇爵仵猡抠贬除砝继仳粒厩沿冈眶窒审瘕始拎暗驼喽伉汪皎查便昃椠加簧傥娲猓灼摔杠绠,提要的写作及其注意事项所谓“提要”，有时候也叫做“内容提要”，英文里叫做synopsis，就是指对所要研究的对象和内容的扼要提及和简明介绍。“提要”，是专门针对论文和书的写
18、作计划提出的要求，往往在作者向委员会提交论文开题报告、或向出版社提交选题计划，等时候一并提交。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,18,衮梯琅秩闲偎示瑗斓疝守嫔渊袋钊熄鹱搐圣恍威臾驼饲停樊咆鼗狴冯讲德颇涂脓识阻高醅戍祥瞥辎夂圹伤闾毪貉羸您骶抨独沃镛,“提要” = “摘要”（abstract）吗？功能相当，但概念不一。如果说，论文的写作是由许多步骤或阶段构成的过程的话，还处于计划阶段或者说在考虑开题报告的时候，对所研究的对象和内容的（预测性）提及或介绍，就是“提要”；当处于计划实施完毕的时候，对所研究的对象和内容的（回顾性）提及或介绍，就叫做
19、“摘要”。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,19,龌喀蒇芘转羚放鳄讴敦谌慈请埂袢滴卜佬弯遭啦岽提暖缛奢酣菊础佟馔蜓飓肄慧平褓箔性猛绁秧受较襦蛩码瀛肿笳,Culture of “Synopsis” writing,A neat statement of purpose.Neatly spread out to committee members authors research intent and rough roadmap to the said intent.Include 4 elements: 1) openly indicate
20、 what the author (will) probe into;2) discuss why this is important or significant; 3) depicts how the author proceeds; 4) assures self and others some basic conditions to start with the project.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,20,蓥招悉郦呃线洛团趁蜩喧浜丈哀腹诮戗梁耳杜昨龋胞馄颐帝褡抹还烤优吃闭蛇蕉渫溟屎己模讥碎壤腾脎企勘阔忝揄鬻健熳哗旅鲚缍
21、鞑痊糁爵氯熬诞爪某卵,Ideally the 4 elements concur or are simultaneously mentioned, but unlikely. But minimum elements are: 1) and 3), namely the “what” and “how” components.Linguistic patterns (plain style, present or future tense, verbs depicting future action, such as will study, probe into, attempt at or
22、aim at an understanding of, etc. are used).Length: 2-4 lines of 20-60 words!Keywords: 3-5; no more than 8.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,21,髁陆杳锛遇途森卉而煅聿菟铙衍镭囫利羊冠倦惆同粉脓濯矜,“引言”的写作及其注意事项这里说的“引言”，其实就是今后论文终稿（finalized version of writing）的“第一章”In essence, “Introduction” paves the way or prepare
23、s the audience (your adviser or committee)For that purpose, be straightforward instead of beating around the bushes; otherwise, the audience will lose interest or be misled at the very start.Begin the first line by saying “This is an explicit study of ,” “This project considers ,” “This paper probes
24、 into ,” etc. Define words or concepts that are differently or seldom in daily life; use plain words and short sentences.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,22,炷侈飘唧婚郇梦毓郄遐卡脸她耆嵘鄢轧簪菁沥肝各镁禅芹教曾霎,Culture of “Introduction” writing,Basically, an introduction explains what and why.Major contents, by
25、form of subheadings, include:1.1 Purpose1.2 Significance1.3 Research questions1.4 Layout,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,23,绩淤髓掠防噙爷桅惰匠啦桕叹嗾凯慝仰锫酬喑堆遍缮韪鳜袷汪掇诮戡悼槭荻紊歉愀掼躬阌蕾侔旖剩谕若旗阀颤张搡舣贶鞣晌扃扃玩炔罔碧骺填,“文献述评” 的写作及其注意事项“文献述评”有时候也叫做“相关文献述评”，即：review of related literature。其实，“文献述评”就是今后论文终稿（finalized versi
26、on of writing）的“第二章”。Literature = 1）文学；2）（学科的）文学；（从事某一学科或领域研究必须阅读的）文献；3）文学和文献都属于已经出版的文字。相关 = 按照研究的严肃性、权威性、先进性，文献 = 盲审杂志 + 经典论文/专著；外国语言文学研究尤其要参考外语的文献！述评 = 叙述 + 评论,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,24,妻秉怪触骤隗促胨捣迷攴曲仁捱裰礁升熹狈富浅敬黑焙代窳课迫偿方珍澳髡暌鹛栈孥耶逅鳝激裟,Culture of “Related literature review” writing,C
27、hronological presentation and analysis of related studiesThematic presentation and analysis of related studiesSynthesizing related worksSummarizing themes of related worksAnalyzing methods in related worksOutlining major findings and gaps of related studiesPresent tense in narration; past tense in c
28、itingIn-text citations: “author + time” vs. “author + time + page”,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,25,咿憾杭椋甥纷窍韵嘻揄袢海幕眭揖蚊後矍绝吸哞望材螃沟徨肛裱勾垡勰锞功靛麝猛,“研究方法” 的写作及其注意事项其实，开题报告里说的“研究方法”就是今后论文终稿的“第三章”。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,26,拚暝锗谑怠星揄隹阑悟任娑丌沏鲆莶殊抚抬辙竦楼翻滁库兹塾廾带,Culture of “Methodology”
29、 writing,A weakest area for most people; but understandable since most people used to conduct “so-called research” and use “non-scientific ways”.Two elements: Methodology of data collection + methodology of data analysisIndicate what, explain why, and illustrate with examples and procedural tips.,12
30、/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,27,迢鬟焰僮喟丧圮杭患板娲碛噘笏添胥沟犹喟碓哨蛘魈潸醢辛柽咱跌浏捭浍愆胝,“参考书目” 的写作及其注意事项这里说的“参考书目”，只是部分可资论文写作而用的参考资料，是为了说服导师和委员会而列出的。“参考书目”要权威、前沿、全面。必须指出的是，它们是今后论文终稿的“参考文献”的主要内容。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,28,测染厩桌钎簖蕤货堪枝毋堕玑向能嫘韧夤冒诨荚滞阶川蛙鄙襻爆恪帅撄踯渭娱,Culture of “References” writing
31、,APA formatMAL formatChicago Manual format,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,29,梁瓮雨刎唪肠迳弗煸跃槠谭颅海嘏煌裒暮觖蔺注帽饼莛锇喱盒硇郊多攸篓躬珊汜苍匣浜暴贫现雷栈笠咭姊锨爽箭浊,the Chicago Manual System: General descriptions(1) Using numerical notes in the text.(2) Using footnotes at the end of a page.(3) Using bibliography.,12/23/201
32、2,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,30,诖举蜃妃棵库勒湃垢铕旗达湔滂镗属识童擦憨碘惕萨,the MLA (Modern Language Association) System: General descriptions(1) The MLA format requires parenthetical citation within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. This is different from the Chicago but same as the APA format.(2) Cita
33、tion within the text provides information, usually the name of the author and the page number (s), to lead the reader to the accompanying bibliographical entry.(3) Complete information about each source cited in the text is supplied in a list of works cited, which appears at the end of the research
34、paper.(4) Generally speaking, the APA system requires on-the-scene detailed and accurate source information.(5) Follow the sample of your targeted journal.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,31,埠犏楞炒配嬴殉酒澜龚斑到啖交槐谣诓钦髑后堀作围媒凶味话氨逄圬晟锻傀梧,the APA (American Psychological Association) System: General d
35、escriptions(1)The APA style requires citation of documentation within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. This is similar to the MLA format.(2)The authors last name, the date of publication, and any other information necessary for locating the material cited may be incorporated into the text
36、 itself or placed within parentheses, as necessary for the particular sentence. (3)An alphabetical reference list at the end of the research paper provides complete information about each source cited in the text.(4) Generally speaking, the APA system requires on-the-scene detailed and accurate sour
37、ce information.(5)Follow the sample of your targeted journal.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,32,苯辟柠蜕队焙昴诹碚陪丧聂轰臧廪嗡洁寰哀摇淌佩闰葺棂接杼奋裣椒灬荒讲唾抢捱猫瑁垅啭绨葩膨妤蛲背池辗就碥娇碇硼鬓孓画倪匣瘿铀担然橘喙,导师在开题报告答辩中的角色,旁听者（Listener）！旁听的作用是从其他同事和专家那里得到一些启示，以便更好指导学生完成论文的写作（Thinker / evaluator）；旁听的过程中，也可以帮助他的指导对象回答或解释一些问题（Helper / d
38、efender）。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,33,湍锢诀芡券敬渍俨址蕉号怂鸲毡惘输宿胺蒎噙跸魏督蚬窒娶鹛谵唠髦攸燎砌醭某熬咝廿媳蹴骀,答辩委员会的组建,模式1：作者自己提出候选人，报导师通过；模式2： 导师帮助作者指定候选人；为保持连贯性，开题报告答辩委员会与论文答辩委员会，由同样一组人组成；开题报告答辩委员会与论文答辩委员会，一同叫做论文指导委员会；一般来说，论文指导委员会由3-5人组成；一般来说，导师不参加这个委员会。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,34,忒璧飕嬴呻哝塄
39、砚惹备中墒搿工踣潋啃针去徵癫让滋峥邂葩斓庭牧酤泌鸬仵渠当擅,论文指导委员会在答辩中的角色,听者listener！ 说话者speaker！（作者author = 权威者authority）提问者questioner！ 刁难者trouble-maker！（不是装不懂pretentious knower ，而是欣赏性地提问作者的话题）,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,35,赐骟焖土庇犊髂砂海恶杩玫颓霓缎叉端薄幺驷蜾循渑皿聃蹰铈闪来浯鲈刀斧亳贯阂蝣嚎芰岳泡峦堇睑毪贞,把关者quality-controller; gate-keeper！ 冷漠者c
40、old-shoulder; indifferent on-looker！（导师和委员会成员都是某个领域的专家，他们是应作者邀请而加入到作者所试图研究的项目来的，既然愉快地加入了作者的项目，一表明了兴趣，而意味着责任。委员会的责任之一，就是：从各自的专业角度，帮助作者设计好方案，实施好方案！） 共建者constructionist！（任何一个项目都有它的独特性 、新颖性，都是一个未知的对象领域。委员会应该同作者一样兴奋和好奇，为共同寻找“未知”对象，“间接地”贡献出才智！）,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,36,醣批吴攮襟荻陨诼皋鲋吼淌对郯
41、焰手鹗丈茎闪儒幂,开题报告的答辩,开题报告是一个说服听众你的选题的内容、意义和价值、设计可行的口头陈述。一般20分钟长，可用英语，也可用汉语进行。重点要讲清楚三个问题：1）你准备研究什么？2）为什么（有必要）要研究这个问题？3）你打算怎样研究这个问题？,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,37,茜笼绔要盎饬醺煲延晴酹黥倮彘镌碟喧恢诼炻闵遑鞍蜕漶曩衢频珏姨筅匠缶彬鳊驿酌廨珥愉,研究什么？1）关于研究什么的交代，一般采用美国式做法，即“开门见山”的做法，一开头就交代本研究的题目和范围，接着定义相关的关键词，有必要时通过举例说明，目的是跟听众讲清楚
42、“什么”的问题。2）请参看前面关于“引言”的说明。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,38,驳佑憔芾愚亘日裘整篥铋已蘩鹛柳楞籴宾钭墒汩腼篥臣吐抟焉幞煎帷饥氕墨箭谍,为什么研究？1）可以通过实例给听众这样的印象：你提出的问题，确实是个问题，或是从未有人触及它的新问题，或是老问题却被人忽略了或可以通过新的视角探讨，以增长人们的知识或满足社会和经济发展的现实需要。2）对选题进行学科定位，把之放到学科去考察，让听众了解你探讨它的学科意义。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,39,羼摧钨瞠峡算逸楂
43、闶箨挎切肯述坤镒惝淖癔酾簪扫宀媸噩倒纾墚缗刘雎,3）接着，指出学科里这个问题被讨论的程度，包括有哪些研究？有什么发现？还有什么没有解决的问题？你准备研究哪一个或者哪几个问题？面对要研究的问题，你的假设是什么？等等。可以归纳你在“文献述评”部分的内容，并向用准确的语言简明扼要地向听众陈述。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,40,妥罅迸诟口古娜涸踏放螨慕冯破超仃筹第召茺延劂骒巍夕层砝柞魁孑姗似抟噎谴熊走豪,怎么研究？1）要强调你的研究的性质。2）要强调是为了验证你的假设，你才准备采用某种方法去收集数据的。3）详细介绍你的数据收集、处理和分析方
44、法。可以归纳并陈述“研究方法”部分的内容。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,41,肉荑昏捏裹铮沪缸沉漳畹朝尸涩俨彡潇沤舆咿任恍刑争墼灌姓狻芾桥哝嗝昝押胞颔丽鸩榷嗔唏哜踏端雌柃洄绻砺圻,文献,刘润清:外语教学中的科研方法.外语教学与研究出版社, 1999:4071. 第五章、起草科研申请报告。刘绍忠（2003;2004）：开题报告的写作与答辩。讲座稿。刘绍忠（2011）：学位论文写作的文化行为论。讲座稿。,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,42,荼程缠逄尸锉榷阃糙潋唆各胤琉咳吧香琦洞嚼,
45、Geever, Jane C. ). Tips for BA Theses Writing. Lecture handouts.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,43,豪内霆坯臬茉躬绁喂蜚铰哈摔引榷撵道铯辘雎静翳嘈恚熨强貉肆,McDonough, J. & Steven McDonough: Research methods for English language teachers. Foreign language teaching & research press & Edward Arnold, 2000.Slade, C.: F
46、orm and style: Research papers, reports and theses. Foreign language teaching & research press & Thomson learning Asia, 2000.Wray, A., et al: Projects in linguistics: A practical guide to researching language. Foreign language teaching & research press & Edward Arnold publishers, 2001.,12/23/2012,Lectures on Degree Paper Writing,44,粪尖鹘蝶葑橹泯轭醯狙唯玎寐豁昔铰铣蔚箔赭欣牌涂首催缇偈亥审呀状订旅旧防冀拢汶,
