1、医学英语的翻译,理解原文是翻译工作的核心,只有透彻理解了,才能翻译得好; 而理解不外乎从外语语言和专业内容着手. 就外语语言而言, 可分为词汇和语法两方面.词汇以词义为主,而语法则在于分析词序和句子结构.大多数医学专业术语都是单义词 , 比如: bacteria, therapy, genetics, anaesthesia, appendicitis, antibiotic, bronchitis但是, 在翻译过程中,比较难于处理的是英语的多义词. 我们可以通过下面一些方法来确定词义.根据词性来确定词义Like causes produce like results. (形容词: 相同的，相
2、像的, 同类的)2) Animal cells do not possess a definite cell wall like that seen in the cells of plants. ( 介词: 象-; 跟-一样) 3) Reducing hyperlipidemia ( 高血脂) by the administration of certain drugs brings about good results, like substituting most of the animal fat in the diet by polyunsaturated ( 不饱和的) fatty
3、 acids. ( 连词: 象-一样),二.联系上下文来确定词义In recent reports of eight cases of viral hepatitis, four were seen with acute urticaria荨麻疹in the pre-icteric黄疸早期phase. (cases: 例)Massive bleeding may not be brought under control in time. Such being the case, prompt operation is indicated. ( case: 情况)Fever may be hig
4、h and sustained in severe cases. ( cases: 病例) The patient had a history of tarry stools ( black bowels ) prior to admission. ( had: 有)The number of colds a person has is closely associated with his general health and the care he takes of himself. ( has: 患)The nurse should have the patients changing
5、their lying positions frequently so as to prevent bedsore. ( have: 使, 让),三. 根据词的搭配选择词义If the resistance of the body is high, the imprisoned organisms may eventually die. ( high: 强)The scientist and his co-workers have noted higher rates for gastrointestinal胃肠道cancer in mine workers. ( higher: 较高)Of
6、the 12 patients in the high-risk group, all had a heart attack in the hospital. (high-risk: 危险性大)The incidence of smallpox天花has been greater in the countries where vaccination is not nationally done. ( greater: 较高)The information provides great encouragement for the cancer therapists, for he can now
7、 see that many of his patients can be given a perfectly normal expectation of life. ( great: 巨大的) The drug is reported to be effective for great pain and have no side-effects. ( great pain: 剧痛),The patient must have a blood test made.In recent years a lot of new discoveries in antibiotics were made.
8、Doctors, being human, sometimes make mistakes.The patient is making good progress.The doctors usually begin to make their rounds at eight in the morning.They make the best use of their time to work out an operation program.*1. 验血2. 抗生素方面有许多发现3. 出差错4. 病情正在好转5. 查房6. 抓紧时间,Bowel 的基本意思是”肠, 肠道(常用复数)”, 例如:
9、The waste products are removed through the skin, lungs, bowels and kidneys.Bowel and hepatic symptoms, which vary in severity, may result. 但是, 当Bowel 与一定的动词,名词或形容词搭配时, 往往不能够直译为”肠”. 例如:To have loose bowelsTo have/ loosen bowels openTo bind the bowelsTo move the bowels To have bowel movementsTo keep b
10、owels open*1. 腹泻 2. 大便 3. 引起便秘 4. 大便 5. 大便 6. 保持大便畅通The medicine is used to move the bowels.The client has not had any bowel movement for three days.The bowel should be kept open daily.,General anesthesiaGeneral check-upGeneral health conditionGeneral hospitalGeneral peritonitis腹膜炎General practition
11、erGeneral purposeGeneral roundGeneral secretaryGeneral outline,全身麻醉普查一般健康情况综合性医院弥漫性腹膜炎全科医生总的目标总查房秘书长大纲,Heavy applauseHeavy chemicalsHeavy eaterHeavy foodHeavy sleepHeavy smokerHeavy trafficHeavy task,热烈的鼓掌大量产生的化学物质食量大的人油腻而难消化的食物熟睡烟瘾大的人拥挤的交通繁重的任务,四.根据不同学科确定词义Whats she so nervous about?The brain, the
12、spinal cord and the nerves make up the very complex nervous system.*1) 精神紧张 2) 神经He made an admission that he had committed the murder.The patients temperature at the time of his admission to hospital was 38 C.*1) 承认 2) 入院The main incidence falls between the ages of 40 to 60.The temperature will fal
13、l to normal within 48 to 72 hours.Failure of the temperature to fall after the full appearance of the rash皮疹lead to a careful examination of the lungs.The client fell asleep after the operation.The child fell ill this morning, her temperature is still high. Primary carcinomas of the liver fall into
14、two types.Some patients will respond with a fall in blood pressure after utilizing the medicine. *1) The main incidence falls -主要发病年龄在 2) 下降 3)下降 4) 睡着了 5) 生病了 6) 分为 7)下降,词义的转译根据上下文, 我们无法从英语词典上找到一个词的适当词义时, 我们可以从该词的根本含义出发,加以引伸转译,以避免因为生搬硬套词典上的词义而造成行文的晦涩, 甚至误译.In such elderly patients the radical appro
15、ach is often the correct one.*approach: n. & vt. 1) 走近, 接近 2) 通道, 途径 *the radical approach:进行根治手术2. After a great deal of experience with both radiation辐射and radical surgery, our answer to the above question would be surgery.*our answer to the above question:我们的意见,普通词汇在医学专业上的特殊含义英语中有些普通词汇, 用于医学专业时,
16、具有特殊的含义. 这种含义有的可在词典中查到, 有的则不一定能够查到. 碰到这类词, 如果按照普通词义解释不通, 就应该考虑其在医学专业上的特殊含义. 同时, 我们要在平时阅读过程中不断掌握和积累这方面的词汇知识, 否则, 我们在翻译时, 就会产生误译或者词不达意.Asthma哮喘is not a disease entity but one form of clinical presentation of a variety of disorders of the bronchi.Entity: 存在, 实体, 统一体, 本质应该翻译为: 病种2. Coryza鼻炎is the primar
17、y infection of the nose and nasopharynx鼻咽.Primary: 主要的, 基本的, 第一的, 领先的*应该翻译为: 原发(性)的3. Heart failure is a frequent and important complication of subacute亚急性bacterial endocarditis ( 心内膜炎).Heart failure 应该翻译为: 心力衰竭 * frequent 应该翻译为: 常见的4. The cough is dry at first and later productive of rusty and bloo
18、dy sputum.起初是干咳, 后来咳出铁锈色痰和血痰,5. The blood concentration of urea尿素and other nitrogenous氮肥compound steadily rises.*(血液中) 尿素和其他含氮化学物的浓度6. In such cases, heart murmur is often present.( 常出现) 心脏杂音7. The higher fatality rates were usually attributable to secondary bacterial pneumonia.继发性细菌性肺炎8. The lungs
19、should be carefully examined at frequent intervals for signs of pulmonary consolidation团结.*pulmonary consolidation应译为: 肺实变9. As term approaches, there is a good possibility of complications. Term应译为: 预产期10. The victim of shock will die very quickly unless something is done to restore circulation imm
20、ediately. *休克患者11. An aggressive dosage of penicillin as high as 40, 000, 000 units per diem is recommended. 建议给以每日高达，单位青霉素的冲击剂量,词义引申错误举例：It is true that the embryo胚胎surgeon today does not always admit that the road to success must lead through a study of pathology.the embryo surgeon ：初出茅庐的外科医生2. Ap
21、plication of laser in medicine is still in its infancy.in its infancy: 发展的初期3. Xiao Liu is only nineteen and the baby in the ward.the baby in the ward: （是）病房里年龄最小的4. Some organisms are inoculated注射/接种through the skin by biting insects.are inoculated应译为: 进入体内5. The clinical behavior of these two dise
22、ases varies.The clinical behavior 临床表现6. In the context of an epidemic, influenza may easily be distinguished from other acute respiratory diseases, although diagnosis of the isolated case may be difficult. context: 上下文，来龙去脉In the context of an epidemic：在流行的情况下,翻译中的补充补充是在翻译过程中，按意义上，修辞上和句法上的需要增加一些词来忠
23、实通顺地表达原文的思想内容在翻译过程中之所以要采取这种处理方法，是由于英汉两种语言文字的巨大差异决定的例如：Susceptibility感受性to colds varies.感冒的易感性是变化的不同的感冒的易感性因人而异对表示动作行为意义的名词补充汉语名词）If the white blood cell count of a blood sample is unusually high, it is usually an indication that there is infection present in the body.*（通常表明体内存在着感染现象） ）The patient wa
24、s admitted to the hospital during the early evening with obvious large-bowel obstruction.（有明显的大肠梗阻症状）Chloromycetin氯霉素is produced by either chemical synthesis or fermentation发酵. 氯霉素或者用化学合成法生产，或者用发哮法生产）Another area of disagreement is that of postoperative care.另外的意见分歧之处为术后的护理问题,2. 在名词或动名词前后补充汉语动词1) Di
25、seases associated with atherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化are an increasing problem in most parts of the world and, as with many other problems of today, are becoming more and more urgent for the younger generation.并发于动脉粥样硬化的疾病, 在世界上大部分地区正越来越成为问题; 而且和现在存在的许多其他问题一样, 在年轻一代中, 变得愈来愈迫切需要解决了.2) The evaluation of lung r
26、adiolucency (X线通透度)is highly subjective and is very dependent upon film technique. 肺部X线通透度的评定具有高度的主观性, 而且在很大程度上取决于拍片的技术.3. 补充概括性的词potency药效, curve of action, characteristics of absorption and elimination消除are factors that play an important role in determining where a drug may be used. 药效, 作用曲线, 吸收与清
27、除特性, 是决定一种药物在何种场合下可以采用的四个重要因素. 2) The primary functions performed by the blood are nutrition of tissues, transportation of waste, chemical and thermal coordination of the body and last but not least defense against infection.血液的四大功能是, 为人体组织提供营养, 运输体内废物, 协调体内化学物质与温度, 最后, 但并非最不重要的是抵抗感染.,4. 补充解说性的词typi
28、cally, the patient was initially benefited by antibiotics and subsequently became refractory顽固的or even worsened.典型的情况是, 病人开始使用抗生素是病情好转, 随后则变得顽固难治甚至病情恶化.2) Viruses possess certain properties attributed to living things- and there is as yet satisfactory base upon which to determine the relative viabil
29、ity生存or non-viability of these infection agents. 病毒具有生物的某些特性-, 但是, 至今尚无可靠的根据能确定这些传染因子究竟具有相对生存能力抑或无生存能力的问题. 5. 补充加强上下文连贯性的词1) In connection with the use of disinfectants it should be stated that their potency is greatly increased by raising the temperature.关于消毒剂的使用, 应当说, 如果增加温度, 其效能就会大大提高. 2) The lar
30、ge majority of patients take a rather more practical intermediate折中的view in using analgesics ( pain-killers), believing that though side effects may occur, the relief of pain obtained is more than worth the relatively slight risk of a serious toxic reaction. 大多数病人对服用止痛药所采取的是一种比较实际的折中的观点. 他们认为服用止痛药固然
31、可能产生副作用, 但是缓解疼痛与稍微承担一点严重的毒性反应的风险相比, 还是值得的.,6. 补充表达时间的词翻译过去完成时的时候, 往往补充:” 那时-已经, (曾)-(过,了)等The patient had already been out of danger. The old client had suffered from incontinence失禁before admission.2) 翻译过去进行时的时候, 往往补充:” 当时-正在-着” 等The patient was suffering from bronchitis.练习: ( Put into Chinese)There
32、 is no evidence that the patients tumor is malignant恶性的. The change in matter are of two types, physical and chemical.The patients feel quite at home in the hospital.If heredity遗传is complex, equally so is environment.This is the time when the germs are most active in the patient.In recent years, the
33、re has been an alarming increase in cancer of the lungs.,7. In a patient with gastric ulcer ( 胃溃疡) the pain usually occurs from 1 to 2 hours and in a patient with duodenal ulcer ( 十二指肠溃疡), from 2 to 3 hours after meals. 8. Avoiding exposure to influenza during epidemic period is probably impossible,
34、 and isolation of cases is of not much value in preventing the spread of influenza.9. Any skin condition should be checked by a physician, especially if change suggest possible skin cancer.10. Antibiotics have been used to deal with almost all known bacteria. Without them, we could not have rescued
35、so many lives. 11. As is known to us all that all matter consists of molecules, and molecules of atoms. 12. Although the importance of proteins, carbohydrates糖类, fats, and minerals have been widely recognized, man cannot live upon a mixture of these alone. In addition to these, there must be include
36、d in the diet substances called vitamin.,否定结构的翻译一. 全部否定英语中表示否定意义的词有no, not, none, never, nothing, nowhere, nobody, neither, nor 等. 这类词翻译成汉语, 一般依然为否定形式, 整个句子也为否定句,不过词序略有变动. 这是因为英语的全部否定结构往往不采用谓语否定, 而把否定词放在非谓语部分. 这和汉语的表达正好相反, 汉语是用谓语否定来表达全部否定的概念. 也就是说, 否定词往往放在谓语部分.1. No与notNo 是形容词, 否定名词 ( =not any ). 如果
37、No与所否定的名词之间有形容词, 它所否定的还是名词. 翻译时否定词No常与动词译在一起. 例如:A number of patients can recall no recent sore throat.许多患者想不起最近是否有过咽痛. (不能够翻译成”-不是最近的”)There is no firm evidence to support this viewpoint.没有确切的证据支持这个观点. (不能够翻译成”有不确切的证据”)We know of no effective way to cure the disease.我们不知道治愈此病的有效方法. (不能够翻译成”无效的方法”)R
38、adiation damage once has occurred is irrevocable不可撤销, and no treatment is of any value. 放射损伤一旦发生就难以恢复, 任何治疗都没有效果. (不能够翻译成”没有治疗是有任何效果的”),Not 为副词, 可以用于否定动词(包括不定式, 分词), 形容词, 副词, 代词, 数词等. 翻译时一般可将否定词Not 与所否定的词译在一起. 但是当带有宾语从句的主句的谓语动词有Not否定时, 一般应该将从句的谓语动词翻译为否定. The doctors do not expect that the patient wi
39、th breast cancer will recover rapidly.医生认为那位乳癌患者不会很快恢复.The size of the cells does not depend on the size of the animal.细胞的大小并不取决于动物的大小.As in the case of cancer in other organs the cause of primary carcinoma of the liver is not completely understood.像其他器官的癌症一样, 原发性肝癌的病因并不完全清楚.2. None 的否定语气比not强Acupun
40、cture analgesia is none the less efficacious有效的for all its simplicity.针刺止痛术的效力, 决不因为其简易而稍有逊色.The reaction is none the stronger for all the aggressive therapy.治疗虽然积极, 反应却毫不强烈.The side effect is none too serious.副作用一点也不严重.,3. Never 也是一个语气很强的全部否定词. 用于命令句中多放在句首; 在陈述句中, 也常常置于句首并倒装谓语, 以加强语气.Never give mor
41、phine to unconscious patients, patients who have head injuries, those with respiratory depression, or those without pain.切不可对下列病人应用吗啡:不省人事者, 头部外伤者, 有呼吸抑制者或无痛觉者. 4. Neither 和 norNeither 和 nor 可以单独使用, 也可联合使用, 意义稍有不同. 再者, Neither 可以用做代词,形容词,副词,连词; nor 则只能用做连词. 两者单独作为连词使用时, 谓语要倒装.Neither of the agents i
42、s antihypertensive.两种药都不能降压. ( 代词)Tetracycline(四环素)has no demonstrable effects on the central nervous system, neither has chloromycetin(氯霉素)四环素对中枢神经系统无明显作用,氯霉素也一样. (连词)Therapy is unfavorable in neither case.两种情况下, 治疗都不理想. (形容词)It is neither pleasant to eat nor good for health.它既不可口, 也无益于健康. ( 副词 ),二
43、. 部分否定英语中all, every, always, much, many, often 等词与not搭配在 一起可以表示部分否定, 在汉语中通常翻译成 “ 不都是”, “不全是”, “不是都”, “非皆”, “并非人人”, “不常”, “不多” 等.Not all drugs are bitter to the taste. 药不都是苦味的.2) Not all mass-like lesions(病灶)of the lung are due to carcinoma.肺内的肿块样病灶并非都是癌所致.3) Not every case of carcinoma is resectable
44、(可切除 ).并非每一例癌肿都能够进行手术切除.4) The pathogen is sensitive to not many chemicals.这种病原体对为数不多的化学药物敏感.5) Not all of them were discharged from hospital last week.上周他们当中并非所有的人都出院了.6) Both of the compounds(化合物)are not acids.这两种化合物不全都是酸.,三. 准否定英语中有些词或词组, 否定含义不明显, 从字面上看也不象否定词, 可是在句中使用时或由于词义的引申, 或由于修辞的需要, 或由于汉语表达习
45、惯等, 汉语往往翻译成否定语气. 这类词有的是动词, 有的是形容词, 有的是连词或介词. 这类词有时还具有否定以外的其他含义, 翻译时必须谨慎.1. 动词或动词短语引起的否定常见的有: Deny( 否认, 拒绝), escape ( 被-忘记, 未被注意), fail, lack, differ from, prefer-to-Such a chance was denied me. 我没有得到这样的机会.2) The specification (manual) lacks details.这份说明书不够详尽. 3) Paralysis(瘫痪) occurs when a nerve fai
46、ls to carry signals to make the muscle move.当神经不能传送信号使肌肉运动时, 就会产生瘫痪.4) The majority of patients seem to prefer taking medicines to being operated on.大多数患者宁愿服药, 而不愿意手术.,5) Careful clinical studies by Shoemaker failed to demonstrate any significant effect of steroids(类固醇)when used in the treatment of
47、shock(休克). 经过细致的临床研究, Shoemaker 未能够证明类固醇对休克有任何显著疗效.6) The evidence of cancer is clear enough, excluding (排除 )all possibilities of doubt.癌症的证据确切, 不用怀疑.7) But the wound refused to heal.但是伤口并没有愈合.8) The patient denied a family history of his disease. 病人说他的病没有家族史.,2. 名词引起的否定常见的有:absence, freedom ( 没有, 消
48、失), failure, lack, inability( 无能, 无力) , ignorance, neglect When penicillin is given far in excess of dosage needed for therapeutic effect, strange to say, freedom from toxic reactions is remarkable.青霉素剂量大大超过所需治疗剂量时, 说也奇怪, 毒性反应竟出人意外的没有了. In the absence of adequate proof, we can not come to any conclu
49、sion.没有足够的证据, 我们不能做出任何结论.3) We are in complete ignorance of his plans.我们完全不知道他的计划.4) Our inability to define chronic bronchitis more precisely on pathologic ground constitutes another cause limiting progress toward better understanding of the disease.我们未能从病理学的角度对慢性支气管炎更精确地下定义, 这是限制我们在更好地理解此病上获得进展的另一个原因.,
