1、The Attributive Clause (定语从句）（一）定义：在复合句中，形容词性的从句，修饰前面某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词引导定语从句的词叫关联代词或关联副词,Mary is a beautiful girl.,形容词作定语,Mary is a girl who has long hair.,句子作定语,修饰girl, 叫做定语从句,Mary is a girl.,Mary has long hair.,合并为一个句子,Mary is a girl who has long hair.,先行词,关联词，引导词,定语从句,Mary is a girl w
2、ho has long hair.,关系代词,关系副词,which, who, whom, whose, that,Where, when，why,结构： 先行词 + 关系词 + 句子定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例）eg： The girl behind the tree is Kate.= The man driving too fast was drunk. =（二）关系代词与关系副词普通代词与关系代词的区别I have a sister.She works in Shanghai. 代替 sister普通代词：只起代替
3、的作用（如上例she)I have a sister who/that works in Shanghai.关系代词： （如上例who/which）,1.代替先行词; 2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分; 3. 同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。 （把主句和从句连起来）选择关系代词的三步骤：1.找出整个句子的主谓宾主干2.找出先行词 确定先行词在从句中的成份3.确定关系代词的人称与数，及定语从句的时态指人：who (主/宾格) that whom(宾格) whose指物：that which指人或物:that whose,1.The man is a worker.,2.The man is
4、speaking at the meeting.,合并句子:,The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.3.The house is very beautiful. They live in the house.The house that they live in is very beautiful.,关系代词,1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）,The man( who) I talked with is our teacher.,A person who steals things is called a thief.
5、,2.whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如 介词提前则不能省),The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.,The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.,关系代词,3.whose 是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也可以代物。,Please show me the book . Its cover is red. Please show me the book whose cover is red.,I saw a woman . Her bag was stolen .I saw a woman whose bag was
6、 stolen.,4.which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾 语可省略,如介词提前则不能省),These are the trees which were planted last year.,The TV set (which) he bought yesterday is made in Japan.,Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?,Is this the library from which you borrow books?,关系副词,关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样,在从句中代替先行词,在句中作状语。
7、,Where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点. When: 在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。 How :在从句中作方式状语,指代方式。 Why:在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。,1.The hotel wasnt clean. + We stayed at the hotel.,The hotel where we stayed wasnt clean.The hotel at which we stayed wasnt clean.The hotel (which) we stayed at wasnt clean.,2.Ill never forget the day. I joined the
8、 League on that day. Ill never forget the day when I joined the League.=Ill never forget the day on which I joined the League .3.I have explained the reason why I was late.最后，定语从句谓语动词和先行词一致. 注:1)定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。 The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother.(主句)The woman is my mother
9、.(叙述客观事实 用一般现在时)(从句)The woman (who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday. (句中yesterday表示过去时间),2)在从句中不能再重复使用相当于先行词的词eg:This is the right book that you are looking for the book. This is the right book that you are looking for it. This is the right book that you are looking for .1. 关系代词that, which引导的定语从
10、句: 如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词，关系代词应用that、which. (作主语或宾语),This is a dream.The dream will never come true.,This is a dream which never come true.,The dog has been found.The dog was lost.,The dog which was lost has been found.,Practise: This is the house which is for sale.2. The book which is lying on the floor i
11、s mine., which / that 作主语. (不能省),/ that,（作主语）,which / that 作宾语 ： （可省略）,This is the card.Ive just received the card.,This is the card which / that Ive just received.,只就是我总是犯的错误This is the mistake which /that I always make.我仍然保存她写给我的信 I still keep the letters which she wrote to me.我把我爸爸给我买的钢笔丢了 I lost
12、 the pen which my father bought me.,( ),（作宾语）,A plane is a machine that/which can fly.,He is the man (that/who/whom) I told you about., 注意：介词提前时只能用which 而不能用that 。,from that,from which,which/that,(which/that),(which/that),from which,2.关系代词that, which引导的定语从句: who / that 作主语. (不能省),This is the film st
13、ar.The film star is very popular in China.,This is the film star who is very popular in China. (作主语),The boy who broke the window is called Roy. Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting yesterday? The girl who is watering the flowers is my cousin.,/ that,who / whom / that 作宾语：( 可省略),The man is a
14、 famous writer. He described the man just now.,The man ( who/ whom/ that ) he described just now is a famous writer. (作宾语）,The boy who(m) I m looking for is my friend. The thief has been sent to prison. The police caught the thief last night.,The thief whom the police caught last night has been sent
15、 to prison.,小结：that 既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略.,who 指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）,注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定。,3. whose 作定语,表示所属关系。,The boy is my classmate. The boys father is a detective.,The boy whose father is a detective is my classmate.,whose = of whom,= The bo
16、y the father of whom is a detective is my classmate.= The boy of whom the father is a detective is my classmate.,There are 20 students in this class, _ are different. A.whose backgrounds B.the backgrounds of whom C.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose,when 作时间状语:She will never forget t
17、he day.She was married on that day.,She will never forget the day when (=on which)she was married.,It was the year.The World War I broke out in the year.,It was the year when (= in which) the World War I broke out.,When = 介词 + which,where 作地点状语,I want to know the place.I was born there.,I want to kn
18、ow the place where (= in which) I was born.,The table where (= at which ) she is sitting is a new one.,where = 介词 + which,why 作原因状语, 其先行词常常是the reason.,That is the reason why(= for which) Im late.,I know the reason why he said it.,why = for which,The girl in a hat is Lucy.= The girl who / that is in
19、 a hat is Lucy.,The cup filled with water was put on the table.= The cup that / which was filled with water was put on the table.,介词短语作后置定语与定语从句的互换：,_,_,She is one of those women,who,have cars.,定语从句的同意句转换:,1. The teacher who wears a pair of glasses is Miss Wang. = The teacher wearing a pair of glass
20、es is Miss Wang.2. The machine that is made in China is dear. = The machine made in China is dear.3. The novel that is written by him sells well. = The novel written by him sells well.4. The dinosaurs (which) were discovered by them are on show. = The dinosaurs,discovered by them,are.,小结：引导定语从句的关系词1
21、)关系代词起代词作用，关系副词起副词作用。因此同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的位置不同需要挑选不同的关系词。eg:This is the place where he works. 关系词作状语=in the place This is the place which we visited.关系词作宾语= the place2)在口语中that可代替关系副词eg:This is the place that he works.3)有时为了句子平衡，较短的定语插入定语从句和先行词中间,eg:I was the only person in my office that was invited.4
22、)关系代词做从句主语时，从句谓语的人称与先行词一至。eg:Those who are going come here.5)先行词为句子时，从句的谓语应为第三人称单数。eg:The exams were put off which was exactly what we wanted.6)关系代词与介词: 关系代词或“介词+关系代词”在从句中作定语时，被修饰次要提前。介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物, 用whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略),1,This is the hero( whom) we are proud of. This is the hero of
23、 whom we are proud . This is the hero(that) we are proud of .2,The room (that) I live in is very big. The room (which) I live in is very big. The room in which I live is very big. The room where I live is very big.注意: 固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:look after,look at eg:Is this the watch which he is looking f
24、or?The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well now.,1.The house _ we live is very old. A. which B. that C. whom D. in which2.Can you show me the dress _ you bought yesterday? A. who B. whom C. where D. which,(五)注意几个问题1）若定语从句的引导词为关系代词that,which,whom,在句中作宾语时，则引导词均可省略。2）定语从句中的主谓一致问题Who ,
25、which,that在从句中作主语时，从句谓语的人，数，必须和先行词一至。eg:鲍勃是其中一个努力学习的一个学生Bob is one of the students who study hard.鲍勃是努力学习学生们的其中仅有的一个的一个Bod is the only one of the students who studies hard.,有时只能用 that , 不用 which, 常见的情况有六种：,)当先行词是 all, any, few, little, none, anything, everything, nothing , everybody,nobody, everyone
26、, no one ,the one等不定代词修饰时或被它们修饰时。 eg:Thats all that I know. Is there anything that I can do for you? He answered few questions that the teacher asked.2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词,数词(last)修饰时That is the most interesting book that I have ever read.,The first thing that I should do is to review my lessons.3) 当先行词
27、有the very, the only, the same,only,all,no,one of等修饰时。eg:Thats the only thing that I can do now.These are the very words that he used.4) 当主句以 who 或 which开头特殊疑问句，定语从句的关系词用 that, 而不用 which 或 who.eg:Who is the girl that spoke to you just now?Which is the pen that you lost ?,5)先行词同时包括人或物时，关系词用that.The ma
28、n and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate.6) 当关系代词在从句中作表语时。China is not the country that it was.,只用 which ,不用that 的情况：1. 关系代词前有介词时。 This is the cage that / which Polly lives in. = This is the cage in which Polly lives .,in that ( ),= This is the cage where Polly lives.,2. 先行词本身为 that
29、. The clock is that which tells the time.3. 在非限制性定语从句中。 His English , which used to be poor , is exellent now.,注: who、that在指人可以通用，但下列宜用 who,不用that 1).先行词是anyone, someone, those时关系词使用whoThose who want to go to the Great Wall sign uphere.Is there anyone who wants to go there?2).在there be 句型中，先行词指人,关系词
30、用whoThere is an old man who wants to see you.There are many young men who are against him.,whom,who,that,which,that,who,that,whom,that,不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况,He made the same mistakes again ,_ made his parents very angry.Yesterday I bought a dictionary,_ cost me more than 100 yuan .Mr Smith,_ ga
31、ve a talk several months ago,will come again.My uncle has come back from abroad,_ I havent met for along time.,which,which,who,whom,在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。,在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。,Her bag ,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen.This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars.Xiao Wang ,w
32、ith _ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.,which,which,whom/who,2.关系代词who, that引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词，关系代词应用who, that (作主语或宾语)whom (作宾语),(六)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1）限制性定语从句起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的部分，先行词前无逗号，翻译时常译成前置定语。eg:In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.(8为来自澳大利亚的老师，还有的可能
33、不是澳大利亚人)2）非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，省略后并不影响主句的意思，并且用逗号隔开，翻译时常译成并列分句（从不用that 关联词）eg:In our school there are eight foreign teachers ，who come from Australia.(8为来自澳大利亚的老师全是澳大利亚人),Exercise,1. I have a friend _ likes listening to classical music.,who/that,which/that,whose,3. The man _ leg broke in a match used to
34、be a football player.,2. Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress _ I gave her.,4. My parents live in a house_ is more than 100 years old.,5. The boy with _ John spoke is my brother.,which/that,whom,6. Kevin is reading a book _ is too difficult for him.,which/that,7. Is there anything _ you want to
35、 buy in the town.,8.All _ we can do is to study hard.,9. The first one _ stands up is a little boy.,that,that,that,Exercises:1. The radio set _ has gone wrong. A. I bought it last week B. I bought last week C. which I bought it last week D. what I bought last week2. Ill tell you _ he told me last we
36、ek. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all,B,D,3. This is the biggest lab _ we have ever built in our school .A. which B. what C. where D. /4. Is Oxygen (氧气）the only gas _ helps fire burn?that B. / C. which D. it A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan( 孤儿).A. who B. whose C. whos D. whi
37、ch,A,B,D,6. The house _ we saw at the foot of the hill was built a century ago.which B. where C. what D. in which7. Is that the reason _ you are for the plan.which B. what C. why D. for that 8. Is this the museum _ some German friends visited last week.that B. where C. the one D. in which9. October
38、1,1949 is the day _ the PRC was founded.A. which B. when C. that D. on that,A,C,A,B,1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _last month.
39、A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day _Ill never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when,A,C,D,C,C,A,6.The factory _well
40、 visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been sho
41、wn this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book _the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which,C,A,A,A,A,11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front
42、 of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.Is there anyone in your class _family is in the country? A. who B. whos C. which D. whose 14.Im interested in _you have said. A. all that
43、B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.He isnt such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as,C,D,D,A,D,D,17.He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoye
44、d it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19.I dont like _ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what,B,B,C,C,1.
45、He isnt such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 2.He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 3.Li Ming _to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 4.I dont like _ as you read. A. the novels B. t
46、he such novels C. such novels D. same novels 5.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what,D,B,B,C,B,6.The letter is from my sister _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 7.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 8.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 9.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what,
