1、942 | J Appl Entomol. 2019;143:942947. 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Received: 6 March 2019| Revised: 18 July 2019| Accepted: 22 July 2019DOI: 10.1111/jen.12682 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONMonitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a fourcomponent volatile blend compared to a sex pheromonebased b
2、lendAlan L. Knight1| Valentina Mujica2| Sebastian Larsson Herrera3| Marco Tasin31USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wapato, WA, USA2INIA, Montevideo, Uruguay3Department of Plant Protection Biology, IPP, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Alnarp, SwedenCorrespondenceSebastian Larsson Herre
3、ra, IPP, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, PO Box 102, Sundsvgen 14, SLU, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.Email: sebastian.larsson.herreraslu.seAbstractMonitoring adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a crucial component in im-plementing effective integ
4、rated management programmes in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. Use of sex pheromone lures to track male populations has been the tra-ditional approach, but their use in orchards treated with sex pheromone for mating disruption (MD) has been problematic. Development of kairomone and kairomonephero
5、mone combination lures has allowed the catch of female moths and has ben-efited several aspects of codling moth management through improved spray timings and action thresholds. Recently, a new fourcomponent volatile blend (4K) comprised of pear ester, (E,Z)2,4ethyl decadienoate (PE), (E)11 4,8dimeth
6、yl1,3,7nonatriene, all isomers of pyranoid linalool oxide and acetic acid (AA) has been characterized that has increased female moth catch threefold versus any previous blend. Field trapping studies were conducted to compare moth catches in traps baited with 4K versus the use of sex pheromone, (E,E)
7、8,10dodecadien1ol (PH) in combination with PE and AA. Trials were conducted in orchards left either untreated, or treated with PH or PH + PE. Traps baited with 4K and 4K + PH lures caught significantly more females than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures. Traps baited with 4K + PH lures caught sig
8、nificantly more total moths than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures in all three orchards. Adding a PH lure to traps with the 4K lure did not affect female catch, but significantly increased male and total moth catches. These studies demonstrate that codling moth can be trapped effectively in appl
9、e under MD without the use of sex pheromone lures. The significant increase in female codling moth catch with the 4K lure suggests that efforts to improve spray timings and action threshold determina-tions as well as mass trapping might be enhanced with this new lure.KEYWORDS(E,E)8,10dodecadien1ol,
10、(E,Z)2,4ethyl decadienoate (E)4,8dimethyl1,3,7nonatriene, acetic acid, Cydia pomonella (L.), pyranoid linalool oxideThis article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. | 943KNIGHT eT al.1|INTRODUCTIONThe recent report that a fourcomponen
11、t blend (4K) consisting of pear ester; (E,Z)2,4ethyl decadienoate (PE); (E)4,8dimethyl1,3,7nonatriene (DMNT); pyranoid linalool oxide (LOX); and acetic acid (AA) is an attractive bisexual lure for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), offers a renewed promise for enhanced monitoring and mass trapping
12、of this key pome fruit pest (Knight, Light, Judd, & Witzgall, 2019). Previously, PE alone (Light et al., 2001), PE + AA (Knight, 2010; Landolt, Suckling, & Judd, 2007), DMNT + AA (Knight, Light, & Trimble, 2011), DMNT + AA +PE (Knight & Light, 2012) and nbutyl sulphide + PE +AA (Landolt et al., 2014
13、) were found to be effective bisexual lures for codling moth. However, the 4K lure was shown to be threefold more attractive than any of these blends in com-parative field trapping trials (Knight, Mujica, Herrera, & Tasin, 2019).Various multifunctional lures (attractants plus pheromones) including t
14、he use of PE, AA and DMNT with the sex pheromone (E,E)8,10dodecadien1ol, (PH) of codling moth have been evalu-ated in orchards treated with PH for mating disruption (MD). In gen-eral, the addition of PE has improved the PH lure and allows females to be trapped (Fernndez, Cichon, Garrido, RibesDasi,
15、& Avilla, 2010; Hri, Penzes, Josvai, Ladanyi, & Toth, 2011; Joshi, Hull, Rajotte, Krawczyk, & Bohnenblust, 2011; Knight, Hilton, & Light, 2005). The addition of AA to traps with either PE + PH or DMNT + PH has cre-ated a more attractive blend for codling moth and increased female moth catches fivefo
16、ld to 10fold (Knight & Light, 2012; Knight, Light, & Chebny, 2013). Effective monitoring with these blends has also been demonstrated in orchards treated with MD dispensers loaded with both PH + PE (Knight, Basoalto, Katalin, & ElSayed, 2015; Knight et al., 2013). The most effective combinational lu
17、re reported in these orchards has been PE + DMNT +AA + PH. However, be-cause the 4K lure with the addition of LOX caught nearly threefold more total and female moths than the PE + DMNT +AA lure, we believed a more effective combinational lure could be developed (Knight, Light, et al., 2019).The stan
18、dard lure used in Washington and maybe worldwide for monitoring codling moth in orchards treated with MD orchards is likely the PH + PE lure (Ioriatti & Lucchi, 2016; Knight, Light, et al., 2019; Witzgall, Stelinski, Gut, & Thomson, 2008). Prior to the study reported here, the 4K lure has not been t
19、ested against the standard (PH + PE) lure or used in combination with PH or in or-chards treated with MD. While several host plant volatiles have been shown to synergize male tortricids attraction to sex phero-mone (Light et al., 1993; SchmidtBsser, von Arx, & Guerin, 2009; Varela, Avilla, Anton, &
20、Gemeno, 2011; Von Arx, SchmidtBusser, & Guerin, 2012), a synergistic or additive interaction between kai-romones and sex pheromones does not always occur in moth at-traction (Reddy & Guerrero, 2004). For example, the combinations of either phenylacetonitrile or 2phenylethanol with AA are both attrac
21、tive bisexual binary blends for at least two tortricids, the eyespotted budmoth Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermller) and threelined leafroller Pandemis limitata (Robinson), that when used in traps in combination with these species sex pheromones, significantly reduced male but not female cat
22、ches (Judd, Knight, & ElSayed, 2017a, 2017b).However, among the four components of the 4K lure, only LOX has not previously been evaluated in combination with PH for cod-ling moth. LOX is a known floral volatile from many plant genera (Knudsen, Tollsten, & Bergstrm, 1993), but is not commonly found
23、in apple (Giacomuzzi et al., 2016) and has not been reported from other hosts of codling moth, that is quince, Cydonia oblonga Mill., pear, Pyrus communis L. and walnut, Juglans regia L. LOX can be gen-erated by the oxidation of linalool through microbial biotransforma-tion (Demyttenaere & Willemen,
24、 1998), and linalool has been shown to enhance male codling moth attraction to PH in laboratory studies (Schmera & Guerin, 2012; Yang, Bengtsson, & Witzgall, 2004). Thus, without further testing, it is unclear whether the 4K lure can be used effectively in combination with sex pheromone for monitor-
25、ing codling moth. Also, it should be clarified whether this multifunc-tional lure affects female moth catches, especially when considering the use of attract and kill technologies which can maximize female moth removal (ElSayed, Suckling, Wearing, & Byers, 2006).Herein, we report the first evaluatio
26、n of the 4K lure used alone and in combination with PH to trap codling moth in both untreated and MDtreated apple orchards. Lures were compared in orchards treated with either PH or PH + PE mating disruption dispensers. The 4K and 4K + PH lures were evaluated against a widely used commercial lure, P
27、herocon CMDA Combo loaded with PH + PE and paired in traps with the AA colure, Pherocon AA.2|MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1|Chemicals and lures(E)4,8dimethyl1,3,7nonatriene (DMNT; 99% purity) was obtained from the Plant Research Institute (Wageningin, the Netherlands) and loaded into grey halobutyl septa
28、(West Co). Prior to loading, septa were extracted three times with dichloromethane (99.9% purity) and airdried overnight prior to storage in glass jars at 15C. DMNT lures were prepared by adding 100 l of a dilution in dichlorometh-ane to load 10 mg per septum. Similar volumes of dichloromethane were
29、 added three times after this initial loading to enhance penetra-tion into the substrate. Several commercial lures were provided by Trc Inc. (Adair, OK), including a 3.2 cm2 plastic membrane cup lure loaded with 720 mg of acetic acid (Pherocon AA, TRE3321), and grey halobutyl septa loaded with 3.9 m
30、g of pear ester, (E,Z)2,4ethyl decadienoate (Pherocon DA, TRE3460), 3.5 mg of (E,E)8,10dodecadien1ol (Pherocon CM L2, TRE4111) and combinational lures loaded at these rates with both pear ester and sex pheromone (Pherocon CMDA Combo, TRE3461). Linalool oxide pyranoid (LOX, 99.1% purity, 57.8% Zisome
31、r and 41.3% Eisomer with for each isomer roughly 5050 of S and R optical isomers) was supplied by Nippon Terpene Chemicals Inc, LOX was diluted in mineral oil (SigmaAldrich, #18512) (10% w/w), and 10 mg a.i. was loaded into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge plastic tubes which contained a dental cotton wick to
32、 adsorb the solution. A 2.0 mm aperture was drilled into the 944 | KNIGHT eT al.cap of the tube just prior to field application. All prepared lures were stored at 15C until used in field studies.2.2|Field trialsA general protocol for field studies was adopted which included the use of orange deltash
33、aped 28 20 20 cm traps (Pherocon VI, Trc Inc.) with removable liners coated with hotmelt pressuresensitive adhesive (Alpha Scents). Traps were attached to poles and placed in the midcanopy at 3.0m height, 30 m apart and 20 m from the borders of orchards. Lure treatments were randomized in each orcha
34、rd with five replicates per orchard, and the experiment was repeated 24. Unbaited traps were included as a treatment in all experiments. However, the mean catch with blank traps was al-ways 0.2 moths per trap and this treatment was not included in the analyses. Moths were removed, sexed and counted
35、in the laboratory.Trials were conducted in three “Delicious” apple orchards (48 ha) located south of Wapato, WA (4245N, 12042W). Orchards were planted at 720 trees/ha with average tree canopies of 4.04.5 m. Orchards were not sprayed with pesticides during 2018. One orchard was untreated, and the oth
36、er two orchards were treated with 80 dispensers (Trc Inc.)/ha loaded with either 900 mg of PH (Pherocon CM MesoA) or 900 mg PH + 600 mg PE (Pherocon CMDA MesoA). Four repeated experiments were each run in the orchard with no MD and in the orchard with PH dispens-ers. Two repeated experiments were ru
37、n in the orchard treated with PH + PE dispensers. Each experiment lasted from 1 to 3 nights to minimize liner saturation and was conducted during August 2018. New traps were placed on different trees within orchards for each experiment.2.3|Statistical analysisThe numbers of females male and total mo
38、ths caught in traps were analysed using the software R (v. 3.5.3, R Core Team, 2019). Treatments and experiment repetition were set as explanatory variables and for each trial analysed using generalized linear mod-els (GLMs). After comparing deviance as well as Akaikes informa-tion criteria (AIC) fo
39、r fitted GLMs with different distributions, the trap data were found to be nonnormally distributed and overdis-persed in all trials, fitting best with a negative binomial distribution. For each individual test, a family theta value was extracted from a zero distribution (package MASS, Venables & Rip
40、ley, 2002). To sepa-rate if the treatments differed significantly within an orchard, first a chisquare test (package car, Fox & Weisberg, 2011) followed by post hoc analysis using Tukeys allpair comparisons was performed using package multcomp (Hothorn, Bretez, & Westfall, 2008), with a significance
41、 level (alpha) set at .05.TABLE 1Male, female and total catches of codling moth in delta traps baited with sex pheromone (PH), pear ester (PE), and acetic acid (AA) compared with traps baited with the 4K lure set alone consisting of PE, (E)4,8dimethyl1,3,7nonatriene, linalool oxide, and AA or in com
42、bination with PH in separate apple orchards either untreated or treated with dispensers loaded with sex pheromone or sex pheromone/pear ester dispensers for mating disruption during 2018Orchard #, treatment, no. trialsaMean (SE) moth catch per trapLuresbMales Females TotalOrchard 1, no MD, 4 trials
43、PH/PE + AA 5.7 1.2b 4.8 0.7b 10.5 1.5b4K 8.0 1.8b 23.4 3.6a 31.4 5.1a4K + PH 14.2 2.1a 16.0 2.2a 30.2 3.1aGLM neg bin Residual degrees of freedom = 54X2 = 22.60, p .001 X2 = 51.66, p .001 X2 = 45.73, p .001Orchard 2, PH MD, 4 trials PH/PE + AA 15.1 2.7b 3.7 0.7b 18.8 3.1c4K 16.0 2.0b 16.4 1.9a 32.4
44、3.6b4K + PH 33.0 4.8a 19.7 3.5a 52.7 8.0aGLM neg bin Residual degrees of freedom = 54X2 = 16.95, p .001 X2 = 57.97, p .001 X2 = 25.16, p .001Orchard 3, PH/PE MD, 2 trials PH/PE + AA 11.7 2.4b 7.0 1.1b 18.7 2.7c4K 13.3 2.6b 19.2 1.9a 32.5 3.7b4K + PH 36.8 8.7a 21.0 5.5a 57.8 12.9aGLM neg bin Residual
45、 degrees of freedom = 26X2 = 24.47, p .001 X2 = 19.54, p .001 X2 = 26.20, p .001Note: Data were analysed using a generalized linear model (GLM) with trial as a fixed effect. Lure treatments were replicated five times in each trial. Column means followed by a different letter were significantly diffe
46、rent in all pairwise comparison, p .05.aOrchards were either untreated or treated with 60 Cidetrak Meso (Trc, Inc.) dispensers/ha loaded with sex pheromone (PH MD) or sex phero-mone plus pear ester (PH/PE MD). bLures consisted of PE, DMNT and PH in grey halobutyl septa, LOX in a plastic vial with a
47、2mm hole and AA loaded into a closed membrane. | 945KNIGHT eT al.3|RESULTSAnalyses of male, female and total moth catches in traps baited with PH/PE + AA, 4K and 4K + PH lures had both similar and dissimilar results across studies conducted in untreated and MDtreated or-chards (Table 1). For example
48、, adding the PH lure to traps baited with the 4K lure significantly increased male catch in all three orchards. Also, traps baited with the 4K lure alone or in combination with a PH lure always caught significantly more moths than traps baited with the PH/PE + AA lure. Otherwise, the results were co
49、ngruent in the different orchards. The 4K + PH lure grouped statistically with the 4K lure in terms of number of females caught and always caught more than the PH/PE + AA lure. The 4K lure did catch more males but never significantly so than the PH/PE + AA lure. As a lure for males, the 4K + PH lure outperformed and always caught signifi-cantly more males than the two other lures.4|DISCUSSIONThe relative effectiveness of the 4K lure suggests it might be used to improve several aspects of the management of codling moth (Knight, Light, et al., 2019). The potential of increasing female moth capt
