1、Unit 3 Fairness for all Period 3 Grammar & Writing 课件（人教版选修10，课标通用）,一、现在完成时1基本结构：主语have/has动词的过去分词(done)2含义：(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系，也就是说，动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。,动词的时态,I have spent all of my money.(含义：现在我没有钱花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含义：现在桌子已经摆好了。)(2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的，持续到现在的动作或状
2、态，常与 for时间段， since时间点或过去时的句子等连用。for时间段since过去一个时间点(译为：自从以来)since时间段agosince从句(过去时)It is时间段since从句(过去时)Mary has been ill for three days.,【温馨提示】现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用(如：表示过去的时间状语)。如：yesterday (morning，afternoon)，last (morning，afternoon) 等，除非与 for，since 连用。现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用。如： already (肯定), yet (否定，疑问),
3、 just，before，recently，still，lately等。He has already obtained a scholarship.I havent seen much of him recently (lately),现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用。如：often，sometimes，ever，never，twice，on several occasions等。George has met that gentleman on several occasions.现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用。如： now，up to these few days
4、/weeks/months/years，this morning/week/month/year，just，today，up to present，so far 等。,The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。We have had four texts thi
5、s semester.,二、过去完成时1基本结构：主语had过去分词(done)2含义：(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用 by，before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。By nine o clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚 9 点钟，我们已经收到 200 张飞船发来的图片。,(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for，sinc
6、e 构成的时间状语连用。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了 20 分钟。(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。,(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the book that I
7、 had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。(5)过去完成时常常用在 told，said，knew，heard，thought 等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。,(6)状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如带有when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的时间状语从句的复合句中。When I woke up，it had already stopped raini
8、ng.我醒来时雨已停了。(7)动词 think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。,(8)过去完成时还可用在 hardly.when.，no sooner.than.，It was the first (second，etc.) time (that).等固定句型中。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience int
9、errupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。,三、将来完成时1基本结构：(shall)willhave动词过去分词2含义：将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与 before将来时间或 by将来时间连用，也可与 before 或 by the time 引导的现在时的从句连用。(1)状态完成：表示某事持续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。,(2)动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就会全然忘记这件事
10、的。He is somebody now.He will not have remembered his old classmates.他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。,3用法(1)表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。,(2)表示推测，相当于“must have done”结构。I am sure he will have got the information.我相
11、信他一定得到了这个信息。(3)表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。We will have been married a year on June 25th.到6月25日我们俩结婚就满 1 年了。,【温馨提示】在时间或条件状语从句中，当需要表达将来完成时的意义时，则须用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。即用 have done 代替 will/shall have done。Well start at five oclock if it has stopped raining by then.如果到了五点钟雨停下来的话，我们就动身。By the time the pressure has fa
12、llen to atmospheric pressure，the temperature will also drop to the steam temperature at that pressure.当压力降到大气压力时，温度也将降到常压下的蒸汽温度。,四、完成进行时1现在完成进行时(1)基本结构：have/hasbeen动词ing形式(2)含义：强调动作在一段时间内反复发生。We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们常常见面。强调动作在长时间内持续不断。All these years they have been
13、 contributing articles to our magazine.这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。,2过去完成进行时与将来完成进行时，同现在完成进行时的含义大致相同，一是表示反复发生的事，二是表示一直持续不断的事。(1)基本结构：hadbeen动词ing形式(2)含义：表示反复发生的事He had been mentioning your name to me.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。,表示持续不断的状况She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。含有某种感情色彩I h
14、ad only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。,3将来完成进行时表示动作一直持续到将来某个时间的状况。He will have been playing on the piano by that time.他将一直弹钢琴到那个时间。,.完成句子1I (本来计划) to go for a holiday this summer，but I was informed to attend an important meeting.2We havent moved into the new house because (
15、房子正在刷漆)3So far I (还没有) any success；however，I will keep trying.4Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?No，it (连续下了四天雨) when we arrived，so the road was very muddy.,5What did the teacher say just now?I am sorry I dont know. (我在想其他的事情)答案1.had planned2.it is being painted3.hav
16、ent had4had been raining for four days5.I was thinking of something else,.单项填空1Danny hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.Aworks Bis workingChas worked Dworked解析考查动词的时态。句意：丹尼努力工作来实现他的梦想，现在，他大受欢迎了。work 动作从过去开始，延续到现在，故应用现在完成时。答案C,2The crazy fans patiently for two hours，and they wou
17、ld wait till the movie star arrived.Awere waiting Bhad been waitingChad waited Dwould wait解析动作wait 在 arrived 实现之前一直存在着，所以要用过去完成进行时态。答案B,3At this time tomorrow over the Atlantic.Awere going to fly Bwell be flyingCwell fly Dwere to fly解析明天的此刻是将来时间，在将来某一时刻或某一动作发生的时候，另一动作或状态正发生或存在着，用将来进行时态。答案B,4I arrive
18、d late；I the road to be so icy.Awouldnt expect Bhavent expectedChadnt expected Dwasnt expecting解析“没有想到”是 arrived 之前的事。答案C,5I while reading the English textbook.Luckily，my roommate woke me up in time!Ahad fallen asleep Bhave fallen asleepCfell asleep Dfall asleep解析在过去“阅读”的背景下发生的一个事答案C,劝说信是一种劝导性文章。劝导性
19、文章旨在劝导他人改变其观点，说服他人接受自己的观点。因此你必须形成自己的见解和看法，并能够对自己的观点给出恰当而充分的理由。然后通过信件的形式，把自己的观点、主张和解决问题的方案传达给他人，以达到帮助对方解决问题的目的。,劝说信,文章有三个基本组成部分：开头(开门见山，提出自己的观点)、主体、结尾。这种文体要求考生逻辑思维严密，为达到劝说的目的，所提建议应中肯，切中要害。该类作文基本写作要求为：(1)确定主题。做事情不能没有目的，写文章不能没有主题。尤其是劝导性文章，劝导对方什么，提出什么主张，要心中有数，否则会杂乱无章。(2)选取素材。写文章所选的材料要有代表性，且必须具有说服力，这样对方才
20、会信服，才会听从你的劝导。同时，材料还应充实。按照合理的逻辑结构组织文章。,【写作任务】假设你叫李华，你的笔友John在最近给你的来信中，无意间透露了他有早恋倾向。请你给他写封劝说信，帮他分析早恋的危害，应该持有的态度，以及解决问题的办法。注意：1.词数：120150；2可适当增加细节，使行文连贯。,【写作分析】就这篇作文来说，可以从以下几个方面入手。就事论事，分析危害。众所周知，早恋会使中学生在学习上分心，也会让老师和家长为他们担心。端正态度，学习第一。作为一名学生，学习是第一要务。所以，要真诚规劝，让他意识到学习的重要性，意识到现在谈恋爱还为时过早。,正常交往，互相促进。中学生不应该恋爱，
21、并不意味着男女同学不能交往。男女同学可以正常交往，相互帮助、鼓励，共同进步。同时，遇到这类困惑的时候，多跟老师和家长交流。(3)写劝说信时，要特别注意语气。所用词句应表现出一种为他人着想，而不是用盛气凌人、教训人的语气。,【学生作品】Hi John，How are you？In your last letter you talked about puppy love，so Id like to give you my views.I think we students should try to avoid puppy love at this age，because it distracts
22、 us from our studies and makes our parents and teachers worried about us.Studies must come first!,学生作品牵手名师点津,We can encourage and help each other so that we can make progress together.But we cant say love to each other.If we fall in love，we should ask for advice from our parents and teachers.Do you
23、agree with me？Im looking forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely，Li Hua,【名师点津】本文较好地写出了自己对早恋的观点，明确地表达了自己的建议，表述比较清楚，通俗易懂，语句通顺。不足之处在于所用句式过于简单，逻辑性不强，缺乏连贯性和条理性。,【范文欣赏】Hi John，How are you doing？In your last letter you talked about puppy love，so Id like to give you my view(s) on the subject.In my opini
24、on，we students should try to avoid puppy love at this point in our lives，as it may lead to many problems.It not only distracts us from our studies，but also makes our parents and teachers very worried about us.At this moment our studies must come first.We are too young to be involved in love.,Im not
25、saying that its wrong for boys and girls to socialize with each other，or work together in class.We can encourage and help each other and make progress together.But we should avoid any type of romance.If we find ourselves falling in love，the best course of action is to seek advice from our parents and teachers.Do you agree with me？Im looking forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely，Li Hua,
