1、过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”或在逻辑上构成“系表结构”。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。,.过去分词担任状语时的语法功能1)原因状语Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。Frightened by the noise in t
2、he night, the girl didnt dare sleep in her room.被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。,2)时间状语Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。Approached in the dark the bulbs looked lonely and purposeless.在黑暗走进时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。,3)条件状语和假设状语Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果种在
3、肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided.要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。,4)方式或伴随状语Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully.那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。He stood there silently, moved to tears.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。,5)让步状语Beaten by the police, sent to jail, Gandhi
4、 invented the principle of nonviolent resistance.尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。Defeated again, we did not lose heart.尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。,6)独立成份(插入语)Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening.假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。Put frankly, I dont agree with what he said.坦白地说，我不同意他所说的话。,.与状语从句的相互
5、转换1)过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when, while或after等引导的状语从句。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.When it is seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。,2)作条件状语，可转换为if, once或unless等引导的状语从句。Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.If she
6、 had been given more time, she would certainly have done much better.如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。,3)作原因状语，可转换为as, since或because等引导的状语从句。The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.As the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once.由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。,4)作让步状语，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的状语从句。Although e
7、xhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。,5)作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。6)作伴随状语，一般转换
8、为并列结构。Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter.Aunt Wu came in, and(she)was followed by her daughter.吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。,【知识拓展】1)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异：现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于两者与句子的主语之间的逻辑关系不同。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。,Given more attention, the tre
9、es could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。,2)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异：过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓
10、语动作之前的一个“被动”动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其它情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。,Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.进行了几次
11、讨论之后，终于作出了决定。3)部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being. 这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。,Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。 Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome the
12、m.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。4)过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when, if, while, though, even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是“主语be的相应变化形式”，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。,When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。Although exhausted by the climb, he continued his journey.他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前
13、进。 5)分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。,The signal given, the bus started.信号一发出，汽车就开动了。The football match(being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。6)不定式与分词担任状语的差
14、异：1)不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。To make himself heard, he raised his voice.为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。,He hurried home, only to find his money stolen.他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.他的进步，我们都很吃惊。,2)分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。Seen from the top of the hill, the town is
15、 beautiful.从山上看，这座城市很美。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受人尊敬的拳击手。The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager.客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。,语法专练1(2010全国211) Though_to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.Asurprising Bwas surprised Csurprised Dbeing surprised 答案：C本题题意：虽然教授见
16、到我们显得很惊讶，但是他热烈欢迎了我们。本题考查状语从句的省略，其完整形式为Though he was surprised to see us，.。,2(2010陕西16)_from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.ASeen BSeeing CHaving seen DTo see答案：A本题题意：从塔顶看去，山南坡是一片林海。本题考查过去分词短语担任时间状语，动作see与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系。,3(2010浙江8) The experiment shows tha
17、t proper amounts of exercise, if_regularly, can improve our health.Abeing carried out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out 答案：C本题题意：实验结果表明， 适度大运动量锻炼如果定期进行可以改善我们的健康。本题考查状语从句的省略，其完整形式为if it is carried out regularly，.,4(2009北京34)_twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed o
18、ur dog.ABeing bitten BBittenCHaving bitten DTo be bitten答案：B本题题意：被我家的狗咬了两次，那位邮递员便拒绝给我们送信了，除非我们把狗换掉。本题考查过去分词担任原因状语。相当于原因状语从句As he was bitten twice，.注意：由过去分词转化而来的形容词在句中担任状语或后置定语时，不能和being连用。例如：Einstein walked along the street, lost in thought. 爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索之中。,5(2009福建32)_not to miss the flight at 15
19、：20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.AReminding BReminded CTo remind DHaving reminded 答案：B本题题意：有人提醒经理不要错过了15：20的航班，他便匆忙前往了机场。本题考查分词短语担任时间状语。动作remind与句子的主语the manager 之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，且发生在谓语动词set out for之前，采用过去分词形式。,6(2009江西22) _the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players ma
20、y one day grow into the international stars.AGiving BHaving given CTo give DGiven 答案：D本题题意：只要训练得当，这些青少年足球运动员有朝一日会成长为国际巨星。本题考查分词短语担任条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If they are given the right kind of training，.,7(2009四川10)_many times, he finally understood it.ATold BTelling CHaving told DHaving been told答案：D本题题意：有人给他讲
21、解了多遍之后，他终于明白了。本题考查分词担任时间状语。动作tell与句子的主语he之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，且动作发生在谓语动作understood之前，原则上既可以采用现在分词的完成式的被动形式，也可以采用过去分词形式，但由于状语many times的存在，只能采用现在分词的完成式的被动形式。,8(2009天津9)_by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.ABeing encouraged BEncouraging CEncouraged DHaving encour
22、aged答案：C本题题意：受到技术进步的鼓舞，很多农场主在自己的土地上建起了风能农场。本题考查分词担任原因状语，由于动作encourage与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，且动作已经完成，采用过去分词形式。,9(2009浙江3)_and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.ATo be tried BTired CTiring DBeing tired 答案：B本题题意：安迪和鲁比最先到达泰山山顶，筋疲力尽，气喘吁吁。本题考查形容词(短语)tired以及short of
23、breath在句中担任伴随状语。注意：由过去分词转化而来的形容词在句中担任状语，后置定语或者补足语，表示人所处的状态，其前不加being.,10(2008山东35) Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made_in the restaurant.Aworking Bwork Cto work Dworked答案：A本题题意：露丝的新工作的薪金是过去她在餐馆工作时薪金的两倍。本题考查现在分词短语working in the restaurant担任时间状语，相当于时间状语从句when she worked in the restaurant.
24、 注意：不定式(短语)在句中担任目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。,11(2008天津4)_their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.ATo throw BThrown CThrowing DBeing thrown答案：C本题题意：把帽子抛入空中，获胜球队的球迷发出了胜利的呐喊。本题考查现在分词短语在句中担任方式或伴随状语。动作throw与句子的主语the fans之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”关系，且与谓语动作let out同时发生。,12(2008北京24)_that s
25、he was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed.ASeeing BTo seeCSee DSeen答案：A本题题意：看到她即将入睡，我问她是否喜欢床上的那个小玩偶。本题考查现在分词短语在句中担任时间状语。动作see与句子的主语I之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”关系，采用现在分词。注意：不定式(短语)在句中只能担任目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。,13(2008安徽30)_in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of sp
26、ring.ATo walk BWalkingCWalked DHaving walked答案：B本题题意：3月的一天下午，他漫步在田野中，感受春天的温暖。本题考查现在分词在句中担任时间状语，相当于时间状语从句When he was walking in the fields on a March afternoon，； 注意：动作walk与谓语动作feel同时发生，采用现在分词的一般式。,14(2008陕西14)_around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
27、AHaving shown BTo be shown CHaving been shown DTo show答案：C本题题意：我们被引领参观了游泳场馆“水立方”之后，又被带去参观2008年奥运会的主场馆“鸟巢”。本题考查现在分词担任时间状语，相当于时间状语从句After we had been shown/was shown around the Water Cube，；根据逻辑关系，排除选项A。 注意：不定式在句中只能担任目的状语，原因状语或结果状语。,15(2008浙江10)_that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the
28、forest.ANot realized BNot to realize CNot realizing DNot to have realized答案：C本题题意：没有意识到自己处境非常危险，埃里克走进了森林深处。本题考查现在分词担任原因状语，相当于原因状语从句Because he didnt realized that he was in great danger，.; 注意：不定式虽然也可以担任原因状语，但通常位于句末。例如：He jumped with joy to hear the good news.,16(2008上海30) My sister, an inexperienced
29、rider, was found sitting on the bicycle_to balance it.Ahaving tried BtryingCto try Dtried答案：B本题题意：有人发现我妹妹，一位缺乏经验的骑自行车者，骑在自行车上，正在想方设法保持自行车的平衡。本题考查现在分词短语在句中担任伴随状语，表示与动作sit同时发生的一个主动动作。,17(2008上海37) Ideally_for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is a favorite with many guests.Al
30、ocating Bbeing locatedChaving been located Dlocated,答案：D本题题意：最理想的是，纽约国际饭店位于百老汇剧院附近以及第5 大街，深受客人们喜爱。located为形容词，表示“位于；坐落在”，在句中担任原因状语。例如：Located within the town centre, the house is convenient. 该住宅位于市镇中心，很是方便。注意：由过去分词转化来的形容词在句中担任状语、后置定语或补足语，且表示“状态”而非“动作”含义时，其前不加being.,18(2008四川25) I got to the office e
31、arly that day，_the 730 train from Paddington.Ahaving caught Bcaught Cto catch Dcatch答案：A本题题意：搭乘7点30分发自帕丁顿的列车，那一天一大早我就赶到了办公室。本题考查现在分词短语担任原因状语。,19_by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.ADriven BBeing drivenCTo drive DHaving driven答案：A本题题意：市场对于蔬菜的极大需求促使农民们建造了更多的温室。本题考查
32、过去分词(短语)担任原因状语，转化为状语从句为：As they are driven by a greater demand of vegetables，表示一个被动动作。注意，由于客观介绍现在的一个基本状况，所以状语从句采用了一般现在时，没有采用现在进行时。同理，本题不能采用being driven担任原因状语。,20_to hospital in time, the patient infected with bird flu was saved at last.ATaking BHaving takenCBeing taken DHaving been taken答案：D本题题意：由于被及时送到医院进行救治，这位禽流感患者最终得救了。本题考查现在分词(短语)在句中担任原因状语。动作take与句子的主语the patient之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，此外它发生在谓语动作was saved之前，所以采用现在分词的完成式的被动式。,
