1、第39讲 后置、前置、倒装,英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的词序（Word Order）,其特征是主语在前，谓语在后，即“主语+谓语”的结构。这是英语的“正常语序”（Normal Order），又叫“自然语序”（Natural Order）。比如在下面SVO和SVC结构中My mother likes a cup of tea every afternoon.My uncle was formerly a teacher of chemistry.,39.1 后置后置（Postponement）是一种语法手段，即为了表示强调而把一个非句尾成分移至句尾。支配英语语序的两条重要原则：句尾焦点（
2、End Focus）和句尾重心（End Weight）。,句尾焦点和句尾重心,句子，作为一个传递信息的单位（Information Unit），通常是由“旧信息+新信息“构成。旧信息（Old Information），又叫已知信息（Given/Known Information）是说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，这是信息传递的出发点，在句子中通常由主语表示。新信息（New Information）是信息传递的着重点，在句子中通常由谓语表示，而新信息的最关键部分又通常出现在句尾，这就是信息焦点（Information Focus），有叫句尾焦点（End Focus）。例如： 信息焦点Mr
3、Smith is a friend of my fathers.旧信息 新信息,从句子结构看，主语，作为信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常较段，较简单，而谓语，作为信息传递的着重点，则通常较长，较复杂，这种句构特征叫做“句尾重心”（End Weight）。根据“句尾重心”这一原则，我们在造句时要注意句子结构匀称，避免头大尾小的现象，比如一个句子通常不以单一不及物动词作为谓语。式比较： He smokes. He smokes cigarettes.第一句比较短促，第二局比较匀称。在SVO结构中也有类似的情况。例如： They pushed the car. They gave the car a
4、push.第二句读起来比第一句更加自然。所有这些都说明句尾重心在英语语序中的作用。,关键词语的后置,也由于句尾焦点和句尾重心的关系，人们在组词成句时也往往要讲说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使之处于突出的地位，这种语法手段叫做“后置”（Postponement）。例如： He gave me a book. He gave a book to me.前者侧重在a book, 适合于回答What did he give you? 后者侧重在me, 适合于回答Who did he givea book to? 由此可见，间接宾语的位置虽然可前可后，但在一定上下文中它只能在前或者在后。,现在要求把下
5、面两句话合并为一句： The cross-examination(盘问) was expertly handled. It lasted only half an hour.如果是回答How long did the cross-examination last? 那就有下列几种安排法： The cross-examination, which was expertly handled, lasted only half an hour. Expertly handled, the cross-examination lasted only half an hour. The expertly
6、 handled cross-examination lasted only half an hour. The cross-examination, in expert hands, lasted only half an hour. The cross-examination, an expertly handled affair, lasted only half an hour.反之，如果是回答How was the cross-examination handled? 那就有如下几种安排法： The cross-examination, which lasted only half
7、an hour, was expertly handled. The cross-examination, lasting only half an hour, was expertly expertly handled. The half-hour cross-examination was expertly handled. The cross-examination, a half-hour affair, was expertly handled.,39.2 前置与倒装,把在正常语序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置（Frontin
8、g）。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变语序，有时则引起倒装（Inversion）。,不引起倒装的前置,不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语、主语补语和宾语补语。例如：A horrible mess youve made of it.Books, he had treasured from the earliest period of his life.Very strange it seemed.Keener and keener the competition became.A scandal(丑闻) I call it.I knew you were careless, but dishone
9、st I never thought you.上述这些成分的前置通常是为了使上下文紧密衔接。例如： Mr White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat. The other he ate himself.有时这种前置是为了意义的对比和结构的对称。例如： Joan he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 shilings.,引起倒装的前置,当主语补语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，这种主语补语的前置就会引起倒装（Inversion）。例如： More seri
10、ous was the question of how the Presidentwould present the joint announcement (联合声明).当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。例如： I had a terrible time playing roulette(轮盘赌)at the casino(赌场). Not a winning number did I have all night.,倒装可分为二种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装（full inversion）；而只将be 、情态动词或者助动词
11、放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装（partial inversion）。,一、完全倒装,1. There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand等。如:,There stood a dog before him.There exist different opinions on this question.,2 (1).在以here、there、now、then等副词开头的句子里。,“Here, There, Now, Then + come (或be,go,lie,run) + 主语 结构
12、。,Here comes the old lady!Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.There comes the bus.Now comes your turn.,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如:Here you are.There she comes.,(2). 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如:,In came Mr. White.Up went the arrow into the air.Away went the boy.,(3).当表
13、示地点的介词词组(如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house, in the middle of the room等)在句首时。,At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. The soldiers ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag. East of the lake lie two towns. Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.,3.“分词(代词) + be
14、+ 主语”结构。如:,Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.Such was the story he told me.,二、部分倒装,部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do / does / did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。,1. 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。,这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom(很少，不常）, rarely（很少，罕有）, hardly, scarcely（几乎不，简直没有）, n
15、o sooner（立即）, not only, in no way（决不）, at no time, few, not, no等, 如:,Not a word did I say to him.Never have I found him so happy.Little does he care about what I said.I cant swim. Neither can he.No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.,2. only + 状语放在句首,要部分倒装。如:,Only by this means is it poss
16、ible to explain it. (介词短语)Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词)Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句),3. so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装。如:,I saw the film, so did she.So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.,4. Not only +
17、分句,but also + 分句句型中的前一分句要部分倒装。如:,Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it.,但not only.but also.连接主语时,不倒装。如:Not only the mother but also the children are sick.,5. Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装。如:,Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句)Not until my son had entered the u
18、niversity did he realize the importance of time. (复合句),6. 在以often, well, many a time, now and again 等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构。如:,Many a time has John given me good advice.Often have we made that test.（如果主语较长，也可全部倒装。例如： Thus began an intricate minuet(小步舞) between us and the Chinese.当然，方式状语等移至句首，也可以不用倒装。例如： Stealthily the girl crept out of the door. Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.）,7.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里,May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,
