1、_英语共有十六个时态、四个体 。(注:四个体为 一般、进行、完成、完成进行。)英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。( 1)一般现在时基本形式(以do 为例):第三人称单数: does (主语为非第三人称单数);肯定句 :主语动词原形其他;He works for us.否定句 :主语 don t/doesnt动词原形其他;He doesnt work for us.一般疑问句: Do/Does 主语动词原形其他。肯定回答 : Yes ,(主语 do/does )否定回答 : No,(主语dont/doesnt.)特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句
2、语Does he work for us?Yes, he does.No, he doesntWhat does he do for us?He works for us.( 2)一般过去时be 动词行为动词的过去式否定句式:在行为动词前加didn t,同时还原行为动词,或was were not ;was 或 were 放于句首;用助动词do 的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词例如:Did he work for us?He didnt work for us.He worked for us.( 3)一般将来时am are is going to do或will shall doam/i
3、s/are/about to + doam/is/are to + do;一般将来时的表达方法be going to +动词原形be + 不定式 ,be to+动词原形,be about to动词原形精品资料_be able to +不定式be about to+动词原形will +动词原形;例如: He is going to work for us.He will work for us;He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时表达将来时态的例子!(4) 过去将来时be( was, were ) going to+动词原形be( was, were ) about to+动词原形b
4、e( was, were ) to+ 动词原形肯定句:主语+be ( was, were ) going to+动词原形 .否定句:主语+be ( was, were ) not going to+动词原形 .疑问句: Be( Was, Were) +主语 +going to+动词原形?肯定句:主语+would ( should ) +动词原形 .否定句:主语+would ( should ) not+ 动词原形 .疑问句:Would ( Should ) +主语 +动词原形?He would work for us.(5) 现在进行时主语 +be+v.ing现在分词形式( 其中 v 表示动词
5、)表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。例如: I am buying a book.第一人称+am+doing+sth第二人称+are+doing +sth( doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式)第三人称+is+doing+sth例: He is working.(6) 过去进行时肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+ 主语 +doing+ 其它;答语: Yes,I主语 +was/were./No,I主语 +wasnt/werent.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+ 主语 +do
6、ing+ 其它He was working when he was alive.(7) 将来进行时主语 +will + be +现在分词精品资料_He will be working for us.=He will work for us.(8) 过去将来进行时should(would)+be+现在分词He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for us.(9) 现在完成时基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词 (done)肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词 +其他否定句:主语+have/
7、has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句:Have/Has+ 主语 +过去分词+其他特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+ 主语 +过去分词+其他 He has worked for us for ten years.Has he worked for us for ten years.(10) 过去完成时基本结构:主语+had+ 过去分词 (done)肯定句:主语+had+ 过去分词 +其他否定句:主语+had+not+ 过去分词+其他一般疑问句:Had+主语 +过去分词+其他肯定回答:Yes, 主语 +had否定回答:No, 主语 +hadnt特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑
8、问句(had+ 主语 +过去分词+其他)语法判定:( 1) by +过去的时间点。如:I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.( 2) by the end of +过去的时间点。如:We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.( 3) before +过去的时间点。如:They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.(11) 将来完成时( shall) w
9、ill+have+动词过去分词before+将来时间或by+将来时间before或 by the time引导的现在时的从句He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.精品资料_(12) 过去将来完成时should / would have done sth.He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would workfor us.(13) 现在完成进行时基本与现在完成时相同,但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念have/has been +-ing分词He ha
10、s been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for t en years.(14) 过去完成进行时had been +-ing分词He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years.(15) 将来完成进行时主语 + shall/will have been doingHe will have been working for us.=He will work for us
11、.翻译为:他最近一直在为我们工作(过去在工作,现在在工作,将来还会工作)(16) 过去将来完成进行时should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称would have been+现在分词用于其他人称He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would work for us.举例:英语中有12 个主要时态,都来自于三时(过去、现在、将来)现在以I listen为例,举例英语中有12 个主要时态如下所示:一般现在时:I listen现在进行时:I am listening过去进行时:I was list
12、ening现在完成时:I have listened现在完成进行时:I have been listening一般将来时:I shall listen”或 “Iwill listen.”将来进行时:I shall be listening精品资料_一般过去时:I listened过去完成时:I had listened过去完成进行时:I had been listening将来完成时:I shall have listened将来完成进行时:I shall have been listening英语中不存在属格一个普遍的误解是在英语中只存在一个以“s ”结尾表示所属的属格。然而,语言学家已经表
13、明英语的所有格完全不是一个格,而是一个独立的词并且在书写和发音上都不是前一个词的一部分,这可以有下面这个句子表明:The King of Spartas wife was called Helen.(斯巴达国王的妻子叫做海伦。)如果 “s ”是属格, 那么 “妻子 ”( wife )就属于“斯巴达 ”( Sparta ),但是 “s ”并不是只表示“斯巴达 ”( Sparta ),而是表示 “斯巴达国王”( King of Sparta)。上面这个例子并不表明英语没有自己的属格;但是它现在已经发展成为另一个形式。在古英语中,ban 的属格形式是banes 。后来在现代英语中,这个发展成为了使用
14、 “s ”表示的 “bones”。在 18 世纪,人们对此的解释是省略号代替了一个属格代词,就像 “the Kings horse”是 “the King, his horse”的缩写。 但是这个解释是不正确的。人们更相信是省略号代替了古英语中的“e”。英语和 “与格 ”在现代英语中,与格不再是英语语法的一部分,它只出现在一些表达用语中。一个很好的例子是单词methinks(据我看来)。它来源于古英语的与格形式变化:me(与格的人称代词)+thinks( to seem ,与动词词组to think很接近的一个词组)。与格在英语中可以不要前置词,例如在“He built me a snowman.”中一样。在这个例子中,“me”是与格。英语中不可把被动语态作为一种时态在部分英语教材中,由于编者自身对被动语态的理解或其他原因,错误的将被动语态当成一种时态,但其实,被动语态是一种语态,不可能当作时态。在英国,这是一个常识。因此,在英国,如果有人犯了这种错误,简直是贻笑大方。精品资料