1、,研究生英语综合教程,Integrated Course for Graduates,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part I Suggested Teaching Plan,Objectives Students will be able to: 1. understand the cultural background related to the content. 2. grasp the main idea of the text. 3. master the key language points, especially the usage of
2、the key words and phrases, and learn how to use them in contexts. 4. express themselves more freely on the theme of Machines and Engineering after doing a series of theme-related reading, listening, speaking activities. 5. Study “Writing Skills: Expository Essays (1)” carefully and then write an exp
3、ository essay.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part I Suggested Teaching Plan,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Time Allotment,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Activities,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Language Study 1.apply vt.应用，申请 1）They may apply to join the o
4、rganization. 他们可以申请加入该组织。 2）His project is concerned with applying the technology to practical business problems. 他的项目是将这项技术应用于实际的商务问题。 2.require 要求；命令 1）At least 35 manufacturers have flouted a law requiring prompt reporting of such malfunctions. 至少有35名制造商触犯了要求此类故障出现后立即上报的法律。 2）My job is so repetit
5、ive, it does not require much conscious thought. 我的工作重复性很强, 不需要很多有意识的思考.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,3.emerge（事实或结果）显露，显现 It soon emerged that neither the July nor August mortgage repayment had been collected. 很快就发现，原来7月
6、和8月的抵押还款都没有偿还。 4.trace back 追溯到 1)How far back can you trace your family tree? 你的家谱可以追溯到多少代？ 2)Her fear of water can be trace back to a childhood accident. 她很怕水,起因可归于儿时的一次事故。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,5.as a result of
7、由于的结果，起因 1）There was no positive evidence that any birth defects had arisen as a result of Vitamin A intake. 没有确凿证据证明，摄取维生素A会导致出生缺陷。 2）Their bodies had suffered contortion as a result of malnutrition. 由于营养不良他们的躯体都变了形。 6.incorporate into把纳入，组成 1)The agreement would allow the rebels to be incorporated
8、 into a new national police force. 协议将允许把叛军收编入一支新的国家警备部队。 2)The party vowed to incorporate environmental considerations into all its policies. 该党宣誓要把环境因素纳入它所有的政策当中。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,7.along with除以外（还）；以及；连同 1)
9、An oil seal was replaced, along with both front wheel bearings. 换了一个油封和两个前轮轴承。 2)The babys mother escaped from the fire along with two other children. 婴儿的母亲和另外两个孩子一起逃离了火海。 8.be reluctant to do 不情愿做某事 The police are very reluctant to get involved in this sort of thing. 警方很不愿意卷入这类事情。,Unit 6 Machines a
10、nd Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Key to the Exercises of Text A . Reading Comprehension 1. Mechanical engineering mainly deals with the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines an
11、d tools. 2. No, it isnt. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering discipline. The oldest discipline of engineering is civil engineering. 3.They are mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity. 4. Mechanical engineering emerged as a field dur
12、ing the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,5. Mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. 6. Mechanic
13、al engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, petroleum engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, and other engineering disciplines. 7. Because there were remarkable contributions from Muslim inventors, s
14、uch as Al-Jazari, in the field of mechanical technology.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,8. It is the three Newtons laws of Motion and Calculus created by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz that mark the breakthr
15、oughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering. 9. They are the United States Military Academy in 1817, Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic institute in 1825. 10. Mathematics.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and
16、Plants,II. Vocabulary 1.work on 2.prototypes 3.processes 4.vehicles 5.development 6.to 7.rely on 8.disciplines 9.available 10.as well as,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,III. Translation (E-C) 工程学是运用科学知识、经济知识、社会知识和实用知识对结构、机械、
17、设备、系统、材料和工艺流程进行发明、设计、建造、维护和改进的应用学科。工程学作为一个学科应用广泛。它包括一系列较多专业门类，每一个门类又侧重其各自的应用科学、技术和应用类型。自从远古时期人类发明了滑轮、杠杆和轮子这些基本工具以来，工程学一直存在。这每一项发明都与工程学的现代定义相吻合，利用最基本的机械原理开发有用的工具和物体。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,作为一个术语，工程学的词源比较现代。它来源于“工程师”
18、一词，最早可以追溯到1300年以前。当时，工程师原本用来指“军事工具的建造者”。“工具”一词的词源更加古老, 最终来源于大约1250年前后的拉丁语ingenium，其意思是“天生的才能，尤其是智力，因此才有的聪明的发明”。后来，随着诸如桥梁和房屋这样的民用建筑结构设计成长为一个技术学科，土木工程这一术语进入词典，用以把专门从事这样一些非军事项目建设的工程与从事军事工程建设的古老学科区别开来。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,V. Discussion Transc
19、ript of the video clip What is engineering? Lets take a moment to think about your morning. The alarm on your phone goes off at 7:03. You drag yourself to the shower and blast yourself with perfectly warm water in an attempt to wake up. You smear your toothbrush with too much toothpaste and scrub yo
20、urself into a foamy mess of minty freshness. You are running late, so you skate downtown, wading through the commuters, dart across the road, barely making the light and jump on the train just before the doors beep shut. Theres a couple of stops to go, so you pull out your phone and play with a few
21、games of angry birds.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Alarms, trains, traffic lights, video games, toothpaste all these things were made possible by engineers. But what prompts an engineer to improve our world? Well, they solve problems. Problems are
22、 an engineers inspiration. And maths and science are the creative tools they use to solve them. Problems like making your alarm go off at the right time or making sure your toothpaste is just the right balance of chemicals to give you that perfect smile, or even making your game so addictive its alm
23、ost impossible to put down, if there really is a problem.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,IV. Translation (C-E) In the Exhibition Hall of the Museum of Chinese History in Beijing, there is a restored model of the first seism
24、ograph, whose inventor was Zhang Heng, a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, earthquakes occurred frequently in China. Contrary to the popular belief at that time, Zhang Heng maintained that earthquakes were not signs of Heavens anger but natural disaster.,Un
25、it 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,As a result of careful observations of earthquakes, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph in the then national capitalLuoyangin 132 AD, which was the worlds first instrument to identify and ascertai
26、n the direction of earthquakes. One day in 138 AD, the dragon in the west expelled its ball. As expected, an earthquake had occurred that day in Longxi (present-day Western Gansu Province) a thousand kilometers away. It was the first time that mankind had used an instrument to detect an earthquake.
27、It was over 1,700 years later that a similar instrument was invented in Europe.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Now lets head over to the airport and jump on an airplane. Ah airplanes! Theyre so easy to take for granted. But dont forget. You can fly.
28、 Before airplanes, flying was quite a big more challenging. Every bit of your plane has been touched by engineers. A mechanical engineer designed the engine. A mechatronics engineer devised the controls. The fuel, extracted by mining engineers, and refined by chemical engineers. The navigation syste
29、ms, electrical and software engineers created those. Yeah, a whole team of engineers!,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Now weve landed in Dubai, home of the Burj Khalifa. Its the worlds tallest building at 829.8 meters high. Its also in one of the wor
30、lds hottest environment reaching up to 50 degrees in summer. One of the difficulties of building a Burj was trying to figure out how to set 45,000 cubic meters of reinforced concrete in such extreme weather. The solution? A clever method of pumping iced liquid concrete into the 55,000 tons steel fra
31、me during the night. The result? A building that vertically over eight hundred meters high rather than horizontally all over the ground.,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,So, what is engineering? Its solving problems. Its taking crazy, out-there ideas
32、and see if they are actually possible. And when they are, the idea is shared with the world to make all our lives better. So, what problems do you want to solve?,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Now lets jump into our time machine and go back to Satur
33、day. Saturday March 1932, the Sydney Harbor Bridge is about to open, the bridge is a marvel of civil engineering and a pretty cool place to set off some fireworks. Since 1815, people have been talking about building a bridge to connect the two sides of the harbor. The problem was that the harbor was
34、 so incredibly wide. How could a bridge span such a width and support its own weight? The solution? The Romans! Well actually it was an idea they came up withthe arched bridgeworks by transferring the weight into horizontal forces and bracing them at the ends of the arch. But what about the future?
35、What problems will engineers solve next? Will we finally have affordable solar power or robots that can perform life-saving surgery, or a building thats so tall that your view is of out of space. Or how about finally engineering a working overboard? Seriously, weve waited long enough.,Unit 6 Machine
36、s and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Key to the Exercises of Text B Reading Comprehension 1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.T II. Use of English (omitted),Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Text A参考译文 机械工程 机械工程是一门应用科学
37、。它运用工程学、物理学和材料学的原理对机械系统进行分析，设计，制造和维护。它是工程学的一个分支，涉及热能的生产与利用，以及把力学应用于设计、生产和机械工具的操作。他是最古老、最广泛的工程学科之一。从事工程领域的工作需要理解以下学科的核概念：机械学、运动学、热力学、材料科学、结构分析以及电学等。机械工程师运用这些核心概念以及如计算机辅助工程和产品生命周期管理这样的工具设计、分析生产设备，工业设备和机械，加热和冷却系统，运输系统、飞机、轮船、机器人、医疗器械、武器等等。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Te
38、xts and Classroom,作为一个领域，机械工程首先出现于18世纪工业革命时期的欧洲。但它在全世界的发展可以追溯到几千年前。由于物理学领域的发展，机械工程科学出现于19世纪。这一领域融合了科学技术各个方面的先进成果，不断发展。今天的工程师追求的是复合材料、机电一体化及纳米技术这样一些领域的发展。 机械工程涉及领域广泛，与以下学科大量重叠，如：航空航天工程，冶金工程，土木工程，电气工程，石油工程，制造工程，化学工程，等等。机械工程师的工作也涉及到生物医学工程领域，特别是生物力学，传输现象，生物机电工程，生物纳米技术和生物系统建模，如软组织力学等。,Unit 6 Machines and
39、 Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,纵观人类发展的历史，在古代和中世纪时期都利用对机械工程的记录。在古希腊，阿基米德的作品对于西方传统力学产生了深深的影响。亚历山大时期的赫伦创造了人类历史上的第一台蒸汽机。在中国，张恒（公元78年公元139年）改进了水钟并发明了地震仪，马钧（公元200年公元265年）发明了一种差动齿轮的马拉战车。中世纪时期，中国的钟表制造者、工程师苏颂（公元1020年1101年）为他的天文钟钟楼制造了擒纵机构，同时也是世界上第一个已知的永久性的动力传输链条传送动力装备。这比欧洲的钟表擒纵
40、机构装置的出现早2个世纪。欧洲的7世纪至15世纪被称作伊斯兰黄金时代，穆斯林的发明家在机械领域作出了杰出的贡献。贾扎里就是其中之一，他在1206年出版了一本著名的书精巧机械装置的知识之书介绍了很多精巧的机械设计。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,在这本书中他描述了100种机械设备，其中的80种是各种各样结构复杂的船舶，并且附有如何制造的说明。同时，人们认为他是现在很多机械设备的发明者。他发明的此类机械设备，如机轴和凸轮轴等，构成了当今机械结构的基础。 17世纪，英
41、国在机械工程基础方面发生了重要的突破。牛顿不仅提出了牛顿三大定律，而且发展了物理学的数学基础微积分。牛顿曾犹豫了多年，没有及时发表他的研究方法和三大定律。但最终还是被他同事埃德蒙哈雷说服将其研究成果发表，为全人类做出了巨大的贡献。当然，人们也认为弗里德威廉莱布尼茨与牛顿在同一时期创建了微积分（学）。在19世纪早期的英格兰、德国和苏格兰，机床的研制使机械工程发展成为工程学的一个独立的领域，为操作它们提供了生产机器和发动机。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,英国的第一
42、个机械工程师专业协会机械工程师协会成立于1847年。它比第一个土木工程师协会此类的专业协会的成立晚30年。1848年，约翰*冯*齐默曼(18201901) 在德国的开姆尼斯建立了金属切削机床加工厂。1880年，美国成立了机械工程师协会（ASME），是继美国土木工程师协会（1852年）和美国采矿工程师学会（1871年）之后的第三此类专业工程协会。美国第一批开设工程教育课程的大学是1817年成立的美国陆军军官学校，1819年成立的诺威奇大学，和1825年成立的伦斯勒理工学院。机械工程教育历来以坚定的数学和自然科学知识为基础。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part
43、 II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Text B参考译文 土木工程 土木工程是一门专业工程学科，涉及设计、建筑以及自然环境的维护，包括道路，桥梁，运河，大坝和房屋的建筑等。土木工程是继军事工程之后的第二古老工程学科，是指区别于军事工程的非军事工程。传统上，它分为若干个子学科，包括建筑工程，环境工程，岩土工程，地球物理学，地测学，控制工程，结构工程，运输工程，地球学，大气科学，法医工程，市政工程，水利资料工程，材料工程，离岸工程，工程量测量，海岸工程，测量以及施工工程等。不管从市政府到国家政府的公共部门，还是从私房屋主到跨国公司的私营部门，
44、都有土木工程发生。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,自从人类出现以来，工程学就成为人们生活的一部分。关于土木工程的最早尝试可能要追溯到公元前4000到公元前2000的古埃及和古伊拉克。当时，人类刚开始放弃游牧生活，需要搭建居所。在这期间，交通变得越来越重要，从而导致了车辆及航海的发展。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,直到近代，土木工
45、程和建筑业之间都没有明显的区别。工程师和建筑师这两个术语指的是同一职业，而且经常互换。它们的区别主要是使用上地域性的变化。埃及金字塔的建造（大约于公元前2700年公元前2500年）是少数大型建设结构的例证。其他古代历史上的土木工程建筑包括坎儿井的水资源管理制度（最古老的坎儿井的历史已经超过3000年，长度超过71公里），（公元前447公元前438年）古希腊时期伊克蒂诺建造的帕台农神殿，（公元前312年）罗马工程师们建造的亚壁古道，（公元前220年）由蒙恬将军遵从秦始皇的命令建造的中国长城，以及古代斯里兰卡建造的佛塔（如祇陀林佛塔）和庞大的阿努拉达普拉灌溉工程。罗马人建造的土木工程遍及整个罗马帝
46、国，尤其包括高架水渠，脑岛，港口，桥梁，大坝和道路等。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,到十八世纪，人们创造了“土木工程”这个术语来指所有民用的建筑物，以区别于军事工程建筑物。第一位自诩的工程师是建造了爱迪斯顿灯塔的约翰*斯米顿斯。1771年，斯米顿与他的同事们成立了斯米顿土木工程师学会，成员是一群土木工程行业的佼佼者，他们在一次晚宴上偶然相遇。尽管这个学会也召开过一些技术会议，但它和一般的社交团体差不多。1818年，土木工程师协会在伦敦成立。1820年，杰出的工
47、程师托马斯*泰尔福成为第一任主席。1828年，这个协会被授予皇家特许证，正式承认土木工程是一个专业。 皇家特许证将土木工程定义为“利用自然界的巨大资源与力量为人们提供方便的艺术，作为国家的生产手段和交通手段，在国内外进行的贸易的手段，广泛应用于道路、桥梁、高架水渠、内河航运以及用于国内交往和贸易码头的建造，港口、防波堤，灯塔的建设，应用于商业目标的航海技术，机械施工与应用的技术，和城市排水系统建筑的技术。”,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,第一所教授土木工程的私立
48、大学是由奥尔登*帕特里奇上尉于1819年建立的美国的诺威奇大学。美国第一个土木工程学位1835年由伦塞勒理工学院颁发。第一个被授予女性此学位的学校是1905年由康奈尔大学颁发，被授予人是诺拉*S*布拉奇。 土木工程是一门运用物理学原理和科学原理解决社会实际问题的应用学科。它的历史跟物理学和数学在历史上的突破进展有着复杂的关联。因为土木工程是一门广泛的专业，包括若干门不同的特殊分学科，它的历史与建筑结构，材料科学，地理学，地质学，土壤，水文学，环境，力学等领域的知识都有联系。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of th
49、e Texts and Classroom,在古代和中世纪时期，大多数架构设计和建筑物都是由工匠们完成的，比如石匠，木匠，他们扮演着建筑工程队队长的角色。在行业内知识会被保留住，很少会被先进的东西排挤掉。建筑物，道路和基础设施不断重复出现，而且规模也不断增加。最早适用土木工程应用于解决自然和数学问题的科学方法的最早例子之一是，公元前3世纪的阿基米德的工作，包括阿基米德原理，它奠定了我们对于浮力的理解和实用的解决方案，如阿基米德螺旋。印度数学家布拉美古塔在公元七世纪时使用了基于阿拉伯数字的算法计算挖掘体积。,Unit 6 Machines and Engineering,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,有一些确实有效 即使如此，有一些膳食补充剂或许会对原本健康的人有益：如绝经后妇女服用钙和维生素D可预防骨质疏松，孕期服用叶酸可预防胎儿先天性缺陷。钙是人体内含量最为丰富的矿物质，为维持血管紧张度，肌肉功能、神经传输以及激素的分泌所需。人体内不到总钙1%的钙离子用来发挥这些功能，其余99%的钙储存在骨骼中，以维持骨的正常结构及功能。人变老的时候往往会出现缺钙。 儿童和青少年时期，骨形成超过骨破坏；
