1、布局小径 5：心仪的布局Gary Lane很多时候，人们都会抱怨“可恶的”对手走棋沉闷但不失，而避开了自己所心仪的变化。当卡斯帕罗夫在 1990 年世界冠军对抗赛中以苏格兰开局迎战卡尔波夫时，他让全世界、更重要的是让卡尔波夫大吃一惊。这种由来已久的布局的主要变化已经被广泛分析过了，而那些被忽视的变化就不那么为人注意。英格兰的一位读者想更多了解这个变化：“1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3 Qf6 6 c3 Nge7，之后黑方如何回应 7 Qd2 然后意图 8 Nb5”卡斯帕罗夫的标准走法是 7 Bc4 ，但 7 Qd2 引起的变化也可能是狡
2、猾的。明显想走 8 Nb5 ，但有时 8 f4 也不错。有个例子示范了这个变化的长久历史，也能看出如果黑方走得被动将会发生什么事情：保尔森比尔纽伦堡 18831 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3 Qf6 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2（图 1）7.Nd8?这样对黑方局面没有帮助，且容许白方轻松出棋。8 f4 d6 9 Bd3 Ne6 10 e5 dxe5?光看布局伊始，黑方就注定物质力量损失惨重。11 Nxe6 Bxe3 12 Bb5+ Nc6 13 Nxc7+ Kf8 14 Qxe3 Rb8 15 Qc5+ Qe7 16 Qxe7+1-0如
3、果想阻止马到 b5 而反射式地走 7.a6 ，注定不被人所看好，因为 8 f4 d6 9 Be2 之后白方拥有满意的空间优势。1994 年 H.Schneider-H.Kaulfuss 的对局继续如下：9.Qg6 10 Nxc6 Bxe3 11 Qxe3 Nxc6 12 0-0 0-0 13 Nd2 Re8 14 Qf3 f5 15 Bd3 Bd7 16 exf5 Qh6 (16.Bxf5 17 Qd5+ Be6 18 Bxg6 Bxd5 19 Bxe8 白方可胜) 17 Rae1 Kf8 18 Qg3 Ne7 19 Qg5 Qf6 20 g4 ，多出的一兵给了白方精彩一局。我记得在法国一次联
4、赛中，英国特级大师迈尔斯遇到的是 7 Qd2。鲁普迈尔斯Cappelle la Grande 19941 e4 Nc6 2 d4 e5 3 Nf3 exd4 4 Nxd4 Qf6 5 Be3 Bc5 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2 0-0 8 Nb5 Bxe3 9 Qxe3 d5!（图 2）积极的续着，不担心孤兵正确，作为报答是得到积极的形势。10 Nxc7 Rb8 11 Nxd5 Nxd5 12 exd5 Nb4!关键一步，决定了白方没空巩固局势。在 I.Rothman-J.Curdo1 费城 1995 那盘棋里，走的是 12.Bg4?!，目的是利用白王暴露之机，但是还不够有力，接着 13
5、Nd2 Rbe8 14 Ne4 Qg6 15 f3 Bf5 16 Bd3 Ne5 17 0-0-0 Nxd3+ 18 Rxd3 Bxe4 19 fxe4 Rxe4 20 Qd2，白方多兵，胜利不难。13 Qd2这步棋，很容易被 13 cxb4 吃马诱惑，但那会导致快速崩溃：13.Qxb2 14 Qc3 Re8+ 15 Kd1 Qxf2 ，黑方有多种攻击手段。13.Re8+ 14 Be2 Bg4 15 f3 Nxd5!对 1993 年 Lupu-Solozhen 对局的改进，那盘当时是：15.Bxf3 16 gxf3 Qxf3 17 Rg1 Nd3+ 18 Kd1 Nf2+，之后步向和棋。16
6、0-0?!如此一来，就太让黑方为所欲为了。严厉的考验是 16 Qxd5 Rad8 17 Qxb7，然后可 17.Bc8!? 18 Qxa7 Ba6 19 0-0 Rxe2! 20 Na3 Red2!，威胁以.Qg5，黑方优势。16. Nf4 17 Bd1 Rbd8 18 Qf2 Bh3黑胜。爱尔兰的约拿丹朋友写信来问有关反马歇尔开局的问题，“1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 O-O Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 O-O 8 a4反马歇尔 8.Bb7 9 c3 d6 。他找过关于西班牙开局这路变化的书，但提及的不多。记得卡斯帕罗夫 1993 年
7、 PCA 世界冠军对抗赛中，曾多次运用这个对付肖特。他问反马歇尔开局对白方真的那么好吗？还是只不过用来骚扰？” 是啊，卡斯帕罗夫布局当然是成功的，很好地处理了自己的心仪布局，避开了肖特着手准备过的马歇尔。有人认为这是肖特精神上的胜利，但他头两盘执黑就输给这种布局，我怀疑这种“精神上的胜利”是否只是阿 Q 精神。那次对抗倍受公众关注，当然激发了众多业余棋手饶过关于马歇尔的那一重又一重的理论，而去开拓成功的捷径。反马歇尔开局在最高级别之中仍然流行，而且白方战绩一般不错，例如希洛夫在 1998 年奥林匹克赛执白的一盘棋：1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0
8、-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 a4 Bb7 9 d3 (图 3)反马歇尔的主要局面。9.d6 10 Nbd2 Nd7 11 c3 Nc5 12 Bc2 Nxa4 13 Bxa4 bxa4 14 Qxa4 Kh8 15 Nc4 f5 16 Ne3 fxe4 17 dxe4 Qe8 18 Nf5 Bd8?!（这里希洛夫建议黑方走 18.Qg6，局势不明）。最后这盘棋白方到第 49 步取胜。至于你那盘对局，在 9.d6 之后为什么难以找到有关这个局面的情报呢？原因是因为它转化成了封闭式西班牙那条路线，即通常是这样出现的：1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6
9、4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 d6 8 c3 0-0 9 a4 Bb7。当然，反马歇尔未必都对每个人的口味，因为局面的变化也给了黑方许多制造反击的机会。何况，真的要怕马歇尔吗？迈克亚当斯，在最近一次比赛中，维持了这个弃一兵而得到特别复杂变化的布局之荣誉。朱迪波尔加亚当斯Dos Hermanas 1999 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 c3 d5明说就是要走马歇尔弃兵。9 exd5 Nxd5 10 Nxe5 Nxe5 11 Rxe5 c6 12 d31
10、2 d4 也是主流选择之一。12.Bd6 13 Re1 Qh4 14 g3 Qh3 15 Re4 Qf5 16 Nd2 Qg6 17 Re1 f5 （图 4）曾有人走过 17.Qxd3? ，然后 18 Bc2 之后，黑方可以收拾棋子放回棋盒了。18 Qf3第二轮阿南德曾经以 18 a4 对付亚当斯，然后：18.Rb8 19 axb5 axb5 20 Nf3 f4 21 Ne5 Bxe5 22 Rxe5 fxg3 23 fxg3 Bg4 24 Qe1 Bh3 25 Be3 Rf1+ 26 Qxf1 Bxf1 27 Rxf1 Rf8 28 Rxf8+ ? 18.Kh8 19 Bd1如果白方贪婪地
11、19 Bxd5 cxd5 20 Qxd5 Ra7，黑方回报不错，因为他的白格象是个威慑性力量。19.f4 20 g4 h5 21 h3 Nf6 22 Qg2 hxg4 23 hxg4 Bxg4 24 Re6! （图 5）这可算得是明星着法。栓住了象意味着不能吃车，亚当斯将会失子。24.Qh5!富有灵感的构思，放弃一子换得对暴露的白王保持压力。而别的选择似乎大局将定：a) 24.Rad8 25 Ne4，有 Nxd6 和 Nxf6 的双重威胁，跟着拿掉 g4，看来是决定性的；b) 24.Rae8 似乎符合开局的积极精神，但在战术上有缺陷，25 Qxg4! ，这样当 25.Nxg4 26 Rxg6
12、Re1+ 27 Kg2 Rxd1 28 Rxg4，黑方危机。25 Bxg4 Nxg4 26 Rxd6 Rae8 27 Ne4 Ne5 28 f3 Nxf3+ 29 Kf2 Nh4 30 Qh1 g5 31 b4 g4 32 Bb2 g3+ 33 Kg1 Nf3+ 34 Kg2 Nh2 35 c4+ Kg8 （图 6）36 Qd1?乔斯皮尔曼建议白方应走 36 Kg1，可有进展，他的分析是：36.f3 37 Nxg3 f2+ 38 Kg2 f1Q+ 39 Qxf1! Rxf1 40 Nxh5 Re2+ 41 Kh3 Rxb2 42 Rxf1 Nxf1 Rxc6，白方胜利机会更大。所以，那样亚当斯
13、就只能满足于以重复局面谋和了，即：36.Nf3+ 37 Kg2 Nh2 38 Kg1 Nf3+36. f3+ 37 Kxg3 Qg4+ 38 Kf2 Qh4+ 39 Ke3 Qf4+ 40 Kd4 Qe5+ 41 Ke3 Ng4+ 42 Kd2 Qxb2+ 43 Qc2 Qxa1 44 Rg6+ Kh7 45 Rxg4 f2黑方胜。最后，美国的 michael 问了一个问题：“为什么特级大师走白方时，有时第一步棋就坐在那里想 10 分钟？他们在想什么？不是已经准备了好久好久了吗？这不是浪费时间吗？难道他们想从心理上战胜对手吗？”你设想的所有原因，都有部分符合事实的一面。不过你尽可担保，如果他们
14、输了，会抱怨时间不够的。出处: ChessCafe 的专栏 Opening Lanes译者: essence99类型: 节译 Opening Lanes by Gary LaneMind GamesThe psychology behind the choice of openings can arguably besometimes just as important as knowing the latest new move ina variation. There are many cases where someone complainsthat their mean opponen
15、t avoided their favourite line by playingsomething boring but good. When Kasparov started playing theScotch against Karpov in the World Championship Match,Lyon 1990 he surprised the chess world and more importantlyhis opponent. Kasparov personally created a surge of interest inthe opening which has
16、remained ever since. The main lineshave been extensively analysed so the neglected variations areunder investigation.Ms Kanwal Bhatia (England) wants to know more about sucha line. “After 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3Qf6 6 c3 Nge7, how should Black respond to 7 Qd2 intending8 Nb5?“ Th
17、e standard move as played by Kasparov is 7 Bc4 but thevariation with 7 Qd2 can be tricky. The idea is the obvious 8Nb5 but in some cases 8 f4 is also good. An old exampledemonstrates the long history of the line but also what happensif Black plays passively: Paulsen-Bier Nuernberg 1883 1 e4 e52 Nf3
18、Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3 Qf6 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2(See Diagram) 7.Nd8? This does little to help Blacksposition and allows White to easily develop. 8 f4 d6 9 Bd3 Ne610 e5 dxe5? Straight from the opening Black is destined to losea lot of material. 11 Nxe6 Bxe3 12 Bb5+ Nc6 13 Nxc7+ Kf814 Qxe3 Rb8 15 Qc
19、5+ Qe7 16 Qxe7+ 1-0A reflex action is to play 7.a6 to stop the knight coming to b5but this deservedly has a poor reputation because after 8 f4 d6 9Be2 White has a pleasant space advantage. The gameH.Schneider-H.Kaulfuss, Hessenliga 1994 continued: 9.Qg610 Nxc6 Bxe3 11 Qxe3 Nxc6 12 0-0 0-0 13 Nd2 Re8
20、 14 Qf3f5 15 Bd3 Bd7 16 exf5 Qh6 (16.Bxf5 17 Qd5+ Be6 18 Bxg6Bxd5 19 Bxe8 gives White a winning position) 17 Rae1 Kf818 Qg3 Ne7 19 Qg5 Qf6 20 g4 and the extra pawn gave Whitean excellent game.I remember being at a tournament in Northern France whereMiles played against 7 Qd2. The English grandmaster
21、 laterremarked that his opponent was under the impression that thebest line was a drawing variation. However, as Miles was oneof the first people in the tournament to win he was obviouslywrong.M.Lupu-A. Miles Cappelle la Grande 1994 1 e4 Nc6 2 d4 e5 3Nf3 exd4 4 Nxd4 Qf6 5 Be3 Bc5 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2 0-0
22、 8 Nb5Bxe3 9 Qxe3 d5! (See Diagram) An energetic continuationwhich rightly ignores the concerns over the odd pawn in returnfor active play. 10 Nxc7 Rb8 11 Nxd5 Nxd5 12 exd5 Nb4! Akey move to make sure White has no time to consolidate hisposition. 12.Bg4?! was seen in I.Rothman-J.Curdo,Philadelphia 1
23、995. The idea is to exploit the exposed king butis not convincing: 13 Nd2 Rbe8 14 Ne4 Qg6 15 f3 Bf5 16 Bd3Ne5 17 0-0-0 Nxd3+ 18 Rxd3 Bxe4 19 fxe4 Rxe4 20 Qd2when Whites extra pawn should ensure victory. 13 Qd2 It istempting to snatch the knight with 13 cxb4 but it leads toinstant ruin after 13.Qxb2
24、14 Qc3 Re8+ 15 Kd1 Qxf2 with avicious attack for Black. 13.Re8+ 14 Be2 Bg4 15 f3 Nxd5!An improvement on the game Lupu-Solozhenkin, Spain 1993which continued 15.Bxf3 and led to a draw after 16 gxf3 Qxf317 Rg1 Nd3+ 18 Kd1 Nf2+. 16 0-0?! This allows Black to haveall the fun. A sterner test is 16 Qxd5 R
25、ad8 17 Qxb7 whenWells suggests 17.Bc8!? 18 Qxa7 Ba6 19 0-0 Rxe2! 20 Na3Red2! with the threat of .Qg5 giving Black the advantage.16. Nf4 17 Bd1 Rbd8 18 Qf2 Bh3 (See Diagram) 0-1Jonathan OConnor (Ireland) writes: “I was playing a gamethe other day. It went: 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5O-O Be
26、7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 O-O 8 a4 Anti Marshall 8.Bb7 9c3 d6 9.d5 is apparently better 10 d4 Qd7?! 11 Nbd2 Kh8?!12 Nf1 Ng8? 13 dxe5 (See Diagram) and I eventually pulled inthe full point. I looked up the line in a book on the Spanish, butthere isnt much on these lines, and I remember Kasparovplayed it a lot
27、 against Short in their World Championshipmatch. So is the anti-Marshall any good for White, or didKasparov just play it to annoy Short?“Kasparov certainly had success against Short and handled themind games well by avoiding his preparation in the Marshall.In his book on the match The Inner Game Dom
28、inic Lawsonnoted how Short thought this was initially a moral victory but Isuspect that faded after he lost his first two games with Blackagainst the opening. The match received enormous publicitywhich has certainly inspired plenty of club players to avoid themass of theory associated with the Marsh
29、all and to employ theshortcut to success. The Anti-Marshall is still popular at thehighest level with generally good results for White. Forexample Shirov played it against Blatny at the Elista Olympiadin 1998.1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7Bb3 0-0 8 a4 Bb7 9 d3 (See Diagram
30、) This is the main anti-Marshall position. 9.d6 10 Nbd2 Nd7 11 c3 Nc5 12 Bc2Nxa4 13 Bxa4 bxa4 14 Qxa4 Kh8 15 Nc4 f5 16 Ne3 fxe4 17dxe4 Qe8 18 Nf5 Bd8?! In his notes to the game Shirovsuggests 18.Qg6 is unclear. 19 Bg5 g6 20 Ne3 Kg7 21 Nd5Qf7 22 Be3 h6 23 c4 g5 24 c5 Ne7 25 Nc3 Qe6 26 Rad1 Bc627 Qc2
31、Ng6 28 Nd2 h5 29 cxd6 cxd6 30 Nf1 h4 31 Qd2 h3 32Ng3 hxg2 33 Qxd6 Qc8 34 Nd5 Ba4 35 Nf5+ Rxf5 36 Rc1Bc2 37 exf5 Qxf5 38 Bd2 Nh4 39 Re3 Rc8 40 Bc3 Kh7 41Qxe5 Qxe5 42 Bxe5 Rc5 43 Nb4 Bb6 44 Nxc2 Rxe5 45 Rxe5Nf3+ 46 Kxg2 Nxe5 47 Ne3 Nd3 48 Rc6 Bd4 49 b3 1-0In your game the reason why it is difficult to
32、 find informationon the position after 9.d6 is because it has transposed to aclosed Spanish line that normally occurs after 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 d6 8 c3 0-0 9 a4 Bb7. In the game D.Prasad-G.Joshi, India Ch 1994,White used his space advantage to good effect by
33、makingprogress on the queenside. The game continued: 10 d4 Re8 Themain alternative is 10.Na5 when after 11 Bc2 Nd7 12 Nbd2 c513 dxc5 dxc5 14 Nf1 White has a slight advantage. 11 Nbd2Bf8 12 d5 Nb8 13 Qe2 Qd7 14 c4 A classic way for White tolessen the impact of the forthcoming .c6. The point is thatwi
34、th the queen on d7 a normal move such 14.bxc4 is met by15 Nxc4 when .c6 is ruled out due to Nb6. 14.c6 15 dxc6Nxc6 16 axb5 axb5 17 Rxa8 Bxa8 18 cxb5 Nb4 (SeeDiagram) For the price of a pawn Black has some temporarypiece activity but it is not enough compensation. 19 Rd1 h6 20Ne1 Rc8 21 Bc4 Qa7 22 b3
35、 d5 23 exd5 Nbxd5 24 Bb2 Re8 25Ra1 Qd7 26 Nf1 Nf4 27 Qd2 Qg4 28 Ne3 Qg5 29 Rxa8! Theattack is snuffed out and White can go on the offensive.29.Rxa8 30 Nf3 Ne4 31 Qc2 Nh3+ 32 Kf1 Qf4 1-0Of course, the Anti-Marshall is not to everyones taste as thepositional lines gives Black plenty of opportunities t
36、o createcounterplay. Is the Marshall really to be feared? In the worldselite Michael Adams has often had the chance to play hisbeloved opening usually after his opponent has prepared anovelty around move 25! At the recent Dos Hermanastournament, Adams maintained the honour of an opening thatsacrific
37、es a pawn in return for extraordinary complicatedvariations.J.Polgar-Adams Dos Hermanas 1999 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 c3 d5 The movethat signals the Marshall. Of course, it is named after FrankMarshall who played it against Capablanca in the New Yorktourname
38、nt 1918. 9 exd5 Nxd5 10 Nxe5 Nxe5 11 Rxe5 c6 12d3 12 d4 is a major alternative. 12.Bd6 13 Re1 Qh4 14 g3Qh3 15 Re4 Qf5 16 Nd2 Qg6 17 Re1 f5 (See Diagram) 17.Qxd3? has been played here and after 18 Bc2 Black canput the pieces back into the box. 18 Qf3 In round two Anandhad tried 18 a4 against Adams bu
39、t had made little progress; Thegame continued: 18.Rb8 19 axb5 axb5 20 Nf3 f4 21 Ne5Bxe5 22 Rxe5 fxg3 23 fxg3 Bg4 24 Qe1 Bh3 25 Be3 Rf1+ 26Qxf1 Bxf1 27 Rxf1 Rf8 28 Rxf8+ ? 18.Kh8 19 Bd1Black has good compensation after the greedy 19 Bxd5 cxd5 20Qxd5 Ra7 when Blacks light-square bishop will be a menac
40、e.19.f4 20 g4 h5 21 h3 Nf6 22 Qg2 hxg4 23 hxg4 Bxg4 24Re6! (See Diagram)This would appear to be a star move. The pin on the bishopmeans that the rook cannot be taken and Adams will suffer amaterial loss. 24.Qh5! An inspired idea to give up a piece inreturn for maintaining the pressure on Whites expo
41、sed king.The alternatives seem to dictate the decision: a) 24.Rad8 25Ne4 and the twin threats of Nxd6 and Nxf6 followed by takingon g4 looks decisive. b) 24.Rae8 seems to be in the spirit ofthe opening by activating but is tactically flawed after 25 Qxg4!when 25.Nxg4 26 Rxg6 Re1+ 27 Kg2 Rxd1 28 Rxg4
42、 leavesBlack busted. 25 Bxg4 Nxg4 26 Rxd6 Rae8 27 Ne4 Ne5 28 f3Nxf3+ 29 Kf2 Nh4 30 Qh1 g5 31 b4 g4 32 Bb2 g3+ 33 Kg1Nf3+ 34 Kg2 Nh2 35 c4+ Kg8 (See Diagram) 36 Qd1? JonSpeelman suggests that White can improve with 36 Kg1 whenhis analysis continues 36.f3 37 Nxg3 f2+ 38 Kg2 f1Q+ 39Qxf1! Rxf1 40 Nxh5 R
43、e2+ 41 Kh3 Rxb2 42 Rxf1 Nxf1 Rxc6when White has the better chances for victory. Therefore,Adams should be content to settle for a draw with 36.Nf3+ 37Kg2 Nh2 38 Kg1 Nf3+ repeating the position. 36. f3+ 37Kxg3 Qg4+ 38 Kf2 Qh4+ 39 Ke3 Qf4+ 40 Kd4 Qe5+ 41 Ke3Ng4+ 42 Kd2 Qxb2+ 43 Qc2 Qxa1 44 Rg6+ Kh7 45
44、 Rxg4 f20-1Finally, Michael de la Maza (USA) asks a question that hasbeen puzzling generations of players: “Why do GMs who areplaying White sometimes sit down at the table and then spendten minutes thinking about their first move? What are theythinking about ? Havent they had hours and hours to prepare?Isnt this a waste of time? Are they trying to psychologicallyoutmanoeuvre their opponent?“All your reasons why have an element of truth in them but youcan guarantee that if they lose it will be blamed on time-trouble.
