1、1,Abstract 科技论文摘要的写法,Skill Training,2,摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、准确地记述文献重要内容的短文。 一般文章应附中文摘要和英文摘要。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，不应出现图表、冗长的数学公式和非公知公用的符号、缩略语。,基本特性,3,它位于正文之前，中文摘要以200300字为宜,英文摘要通常100-500个单词（100150 words ）,英文摘要内容应对照中文摘要进行翻译 。由于篇幅有限，必须十分简练，开门见山，直截了当，不使用多余的词或生僻的词，也避免使用冗长的句子。,4,科技论文摘要大致包括三个部分：一、说明论文的主题二、介
2、绍主要内容三、提出结论或建议 科技论文的摘要，在结构上和语言上相当的程式化。,5,摘要分类,根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类:一是报道性摘要( informative abstract) :也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。,6,二是指示性摘要( indicative abstract) :也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题,而不涉及研究的材料、方法、论据和结论,多用于综述、会议报告等。,7,三是报道指示性摘要( informative-indicative abst
3、ract) : 以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中信息价值较高的部分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,8,此外,目前大多数刊物倡导结构式摘要( structured abstract) ,即报道性摘要的结构化表达, 在内容上大致包括目的(Objective) 、设计(Design ) 、地点( Setting) 、对象(participants or subjects) 、处理( Interventions) 、主要测定项目(Main outcome measures) 、结果(Results) 、结论(Conclusion) 等主要方面, 强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。与非结构式摘要相比,全结
4、构式摘要观点更明确, 信息量更大, 更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。,9,据统计，目前世界上约有60的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。 摘要的要素包括目的（objective）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion）四部分。,10,结构式摘要的书写方法,目的（What I want to do?） ：应简要说明研究的目的和意义，一般用1-2句话简要说明即可，不必太过冗长。目的部分的文字最好不是对文题的简单重复。1） Eliminate or minimize background information2） Avoid
5、repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract.,11,常用英文表达方式英文常以动词不定式“To +动词原形”开头,To investigate . and ; To assess; To determine whether; To study; To examine ;,To evaluate and compare ;To improve;To describe ;To explore ; To clarify;To identify 。,12,方法(How I did it?)
6、：,论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺、结构、设备、手段、程序等，是完成研究对象的必要手段。(可写可不写) 动词用过去时态。,13,常用英文表达方式,be carried out (performed, made, conducted)developedemployedderivedsynthesizedmonitoreddeterminedmeasured observed,recordedexaminedidentifiedtestedcalculatedproposedevaluatedby means of by the use of in the pr
7、esence of in the absence of ,14,结果(What results did I get?)：,作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、性能、数据，被确定的关系等，是进行科研所得的成果。描述结果要尽量用具体数据，而不要过于笼统。谓语动词用过去时态。,15,常用英文表达方式,was (were) ; We found ; There was 。,16,（不）相符的表示方法, (to be) in good agreement with (to be) consistent with (to be) essentially identical with
8、 (to be) contrary to (to be) in contrast with ,17,结论( What conclusions can I draw?) ：,作者对结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用、提出的问题等，是结果的总结，显示研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性，体现论文研究的价值与学术水平，突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处。动词时态用一般现在时或现在完成时。最好直接写结论, 也可用一些句型引出结论。,18,常用英文表达方式,is ; The authors/Our suggestion (conclusion) is that ;This study/article sho
9、ws (suggests, confirms, reveals, indicates, demonstrates )that; It was shown( found, discovered, concluded, revealed )that It can be seen that These observations support ,19,英文摘要的时态,目的说明，用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。 材料、方法和结果部分,除指示性说明外， 一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况。,20,结论部分：凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时, 一律用过去
10、时; 分析结果或发现的原因时,或者提出结论性意见时, 如果作者认为具有普遍意义, 可用现在时; 如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性, 则用一般过去时为好。,21,英文摘要的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明, 科技论文中被动语态的使用在1920-1970年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动语态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”,“Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机抽查了5
11、00份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明, 82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定。 可见, 为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果, 在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回避第一人称和主动语态。,22,注意问题,中文摘要前加“摘要：”或“摘要”作为标志，英文摘要前加“Abstract:”作为标志。尽量用短句。以重要事实开头，不以辅助从句开头，叙述要完整，清楚简明，尽量用短句，并避免句型单一。提倡使用非谓语短语和介词短语进行逻辑关联，提倡使用公知的缩略语，不常用或新的术语首次出现时用全称，以后用简写。 描述作者的工作一般用过去时态，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。,23,少用复合句。避免使用一长
12、串形容词或名词来修饰名词，要组织好句序,使动词尽量靠近主语。一般都应使用动词的主动语态，如：写成A exceeds B比写成B is exceeded by A更好。摘要中不要出现公式、图表及特殊的字符。不使用俚词外语表达概念，慎用行话和俗语，应用标准英语 。,24,删繁从简,例如：at a temperature of 250 to 300 at 250 to 300 at a high pressure of 2 kPa at 2 kPahas been found to increase increasedfrom the experimental results, it can be
13、concluded that the results show,25,能用名词做定语时就不要用动名词,例如:measuring accuracy measurement accuracy能用动词、形容词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式 例如:measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made thickness of plastic sheets was measured experiment results experimental results,26,可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用of句型 例如:accuracy of mea
14、surement measurement accuracystructure of crystal crystal structure,27,1. 通常论文摘要的第一句点题 常用的句型有： (1)The author /writer of the article reviews (presents, gives, points out, discusses, analyses，tries to describe, explores, holds, deals with, summarizes, examines, investigates, researches into),28,(2)Thi
15、s article /paper/essay) approaches (holds, reports, reviews，touches upon, tells of, is about, concerns),29,2. 介绍内容的句子 常用的句型有： (1) Examples of demonstrate that (2) Statistics confirm that ,30,注意在英文摘要中，句子的主语通常使用第三人称，动词的时态以一般现在时为主。,论文摘要的写作示例讲解,31,1.松嫩平原盐碱土对水稻叶绿素含量的影响,摘 要 :采用盆栽法，研究了不同盐碱胁迫对吉89-45和吉农大10的叶
16、绿素总量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的影响。结果表明，同一盐碱胁迫处理下，生育前期叶绿素含量低，之后逐渐增加，到抽穗期达最大值，然后又开始下降，2个品种叶绿素含量变化趋势基本一致。各处理的叶绿素含量始终低于对照。另外，不同处理中叶绿素a含量的变化范围始终大于叶绿素b含量的变化范围。关键词:盐碱胁迫;水稻;叶绿素含量,32,1. Effect of Saline-Alkali Soil from Songnen Plain on Chlorophyll Content in Rice,Abstract: Effect of different saline-alkali stress on chlo
17、rophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of two rice cultivars (Ji 89-45 and Jinongda 10) were studied with pot experiments. The chlorphyll contents were low at the early growth stage, then increased gradually and reached the highest value at the flowering and milk stage, and no difference
18、in change tendency of chlorphyll content between the two cultivars was found. Chlorphyll contents under the stress treatment were lower than those under control treatment. In addition, the variable range of chlorphyll a content was always wider than that of chlorophyll b content. Key words: saline-a
19、lkali stress; rice; chlorophyll content,33,2.转C4 基因水稻的生理表现,摘要: 以C3 水稻原种(WT) 和C4 玉米为材料,研究了转PEPC + PPDK + ME 基因水稻( PKM) 的C4 光合酶活性、不同光温条件下光合参数和水分利用效率、活性氧代谢等指标。结果表明, PKM水稻饱和光合速率介于WT 和C4 玉米之间, 稍偏向玉米,而水分利用效率与WT 接近。由于玉米C4 基因的导入,PKM 水稻高表达了相关的C4 光合酶。在高光和高温条件下,PKM 水稻光合速率比原种提高55 %以上。另外,虽然PKM 水稻光合速率增加,但蒸腾速率亦升高,
20、因此PKM 水稻的水分利用效率略有增加,偏向原种。在光氧化条件下,PKM 水稻耐光氧化能力进一步增强。关键词: 转基因水稻; 光合特性; 水分利用效率,34,2. Physiological Performance of Transgenic Rice Expressing C4 Genes,Abstract : In this study , the activities of C4 photosynthetic enzymes (including PEPC , PPDK, ME and MDH) , t he gas exchange parameter s and water use
21、efficiency (WUE) under different light intensities and temperatures , and the metabolic index of active oxygen were determined in transgenic rice carrying PEPC , PPD K and ME genes ( PKM) , taking the C3 type untransformed rice(WT) and maize (a C4 plant ) as controls.,35,The result showed that the l
22、ight-saturated photosynthetic rate of PKM was intermediate between WT and maize, with a slight bias towards maize, while t he WUE of PKM was similar to WT. The C4 photosynthetic enzymes were highly expressed in the PKM. Under the conditions of high photon flux density and high temperature , the phot
23、osynthetic rate of PKM increased by 55 %, as compare to WT. Though Pn of PKM increase, its transpiration rate was also increased.,36,Thus the WUE of CK was only slightly increased , and was similar to WT. In addition , the resistance of CK to photo-oxidation was enhanced under the photo-oxidative co
24、nditions. Based on the above results , CK possesses enhanced photosynthetic productivity , providing a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4 like rice with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and high yields.Key words : Transgenic rice ; Photosynthetic parameter ; Water u
25、se efficiency,37,摘要：2006年4月23日5月15日在浙江省绍兴官渡三角帆蚌养殖基地,用密网围成四个网箱,各网箱分别投放2L、4L、8L、0L(对照)生活污水,吊高30cm,定期检测各网箱中细菌、霉菌、放线菌、酵母菌四大类微生物。研究结果表明:在所用的生活污水浓度范围内,生活污水的浓度越高,三角帆蚌的生长越好;投放的生活污水能增加水体中的细菌数量,投放越多,细菌数量增加越大;水体放线菌和霉菌的数量随着投放污水量的增加而显著增加;,3.生活污水对三角帆蚌生长及养殖水体微生物群的影响,38,生活污水的投放与否以及投放的量与酵母菌之间没有明显的关系;从研究中可以得出生活污水有利于三
26、角帆蚌养殖水体中微生物的生存,有利于三角帆蚌的生长。 关键词：三角帆蚌;生活污水;细菌;霉菌,39,Abstract: The experiment was carried on the breeding base of Hyriopsis Cumingii in Guandu Village, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province from April 23 to May 15 in 2006.We prepared four cages. In each cage, we hanged 20 Hyriopsis Cumingii which the initial wei
27、ght of about 190g, crane 30cm high. Putting 2L，4L，8L，0L(control) sewage into different cage. Testing the quantity of bacteria, streptomyces, actinomyces and yeast in each cage regularly.,3. Effect of Sewage on the Living of Hyriopsis Cumingii and the Microorganism in Water,40,The results showed that
28、 in the concentration of sewage, the Hyriopsis Cumingii lives in sewage with higher concentration grow better. The Hyriopsis lives in the sewage with highest concentration weights higher than the other treatment and control groups obviously. The sewage would increase the number of bacteria in the wa
29、ter. And the more sewage, the greater increase in the number of bacteria. With the increase in the volume of sewage, the number of,41,bacteria and fungi in water increased significantly. Whether put sewage or not and the volume of the sewage has no obvious relationship with the number of yeast. It c
30、an be drawn from the study that sewage benefits the survival of microorganisms in Hyriopsis mussel 贻贝aquaculture waters, and is conducive to the growth of Hyriopsis Cumingii.Keyword：Hyriopsis cumingii; sewage; bacteria; mould,42,4. 利用离果山羊草3C 染色体诱导簇毛麦4V染色体结构变异,摘要:通过普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C 异附加系与普通小麦-簇毛麦4V(4D
31、) 代换系杂交, 杂交F1 代与普通小麦回交, 综合运用染色体构型分析、C-分带和荧光原位杂交等技术从BC1F2 、BC1F3 代中鉴定出涉及簇毛麦4V 染色体的易位系、端体、等臂染色体系等变异植株, 表明离果山羊草3C 染色体可有效诱发簇毛麦4V 染色体结构变异, 是创造小麦-簇毛麦4V 易位系的一种有效途径。关键词:杀配子效应; 簇毛麦;C-分带; 荧光原位杂交;易位,43,4. Structural Changes of 4V Chromosome of Haynaldia villosa Induced by Gametocidal Chromosome 3C of Aegilops
32、triuncialis,Abstract :Chromosome 3C of Aegilops triuncialis was discovered with ability to be transferred preferentially in the case of its monosomic status in wheat background , whereas , those gametes without 3C would result in chromosome structural changes including deletions and translocations.
33、In the present study , Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa substitution line 4V(4D) developed in our laboratory , was crossed to T. aestivum c. v. Norin 26- Aegilops triuncialis 3C addition line , and the hybrids F1 were then backcrossed with common wheat in order to induce structural changes of 4V.
34、 Both chromosome C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization was applied to search such chromosome variations. In this case , total genomic DNA of Haynaldia villosa was labelled by Biotin211-dUTP as probes and total genomic DNA of Chinese Spring as the block.,44,Moreover, several chromosome changes
35、within common wheat such as isochromosome 1BL. 1BL (B3922) and others were also revealed. The result indicated that two translocation lines T4VL. 3AS(A4721023) and T4VS. 4DL (A4722524) , two telocentric chromosome lines A472722 (4VS) and A4723222 (4VL) , and two isochromosomes including 4VS. 4VS(A47
36、223) and 4VL. 4VL (A4122524)were identified from BC1F2 or BC1F3 . This result indicated that gametocidal chromosome 3C of Aegilop triuncialis could effectively induce structural changes of both chromosome 4V of Haynaldia villosa and chromosomes of wheat .Key words :gametocidal effect ; Haynaldia vil
37、losa ; C-banding ; genomic in situ hybridization,45,摘要写作的常用词和词组,control group 对照组this article / the present study/ this study 本文/本研究previous/ earlier studies 先期研究a retrospective study 回顾性研究a prospective study 前瞻性研究 as described in the literature 如文献所述,46,关键词,关键词的作用体现论文核心内容；通过关键词可查到该论文。. 选用关键词的原则:关键性
38、原则:明确表达论文的核心内容。有代表性，有利于检索和查询，理解定位。专指性原则：空泛的、无标引作用的词不能用，如漫谈、分析、探讨、意义、特色等词。全文性原则：不仅考虑标题，还要全文提取关键词。逻辑性原则：关键词按外延范围从大到小排列。有逻辑关系，层层深入显示主题内容。一致性原则：中英文关键词在内涵和外延上应该完全一致。,47,2.选择关键词应注意问题关键词应体现论文核心内容；一般文章应标注中文关键词和英文关键词。每篇文章可选38个关键词。尽可能不用英文缩写；除专用名词外,关键词应是词典中能查到的词，不要自造； 多个关键词之间应用分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。(6)中、英文关键词应一一对应。中
39、文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”或“关键词”，英文关键词前冠以“Key words：”作为标志。,48,Homework,动物转基因新技术研究进展 摘要：动物转基因技术是将外源基因导入动物体内，外源基因随机整合或定点整合（打靶）在染色体基因组上并得到表达和遗传的生物技术。该技术自发现以来,在畜牧业、医药产业、环境保护以及新型生物材料等领域已得到了广泛应用。本文主要就近年来迅速发展起来的慢病毒载体导入法、精原干细胞法、锌指核酸酶介导的基因打靶、RNA 干扰介导的基因沉默等新的高效转基因技术进行了概述。 关键词: 转基因技术；动物；慢病毒载体；精原干细胞；锌指核酸酶；RNA 干扰 Key words:
40、 transgenic technology; animal; lentivectors; spermatogonial stem cells; zinc-finger nucleases; RNA interference,49,Progress in Research of Animal Transgenic Technology Abstract：Animal transgenic technology refers to the transfer of an exogenous gene into animal genome by random or site-specific int
41、egration and the foreign gene can be expressed and inherited to the offspring. Various technologies in animal transgenesis have now been widely applied to areas such as animal husbandry, medical industry, environmental protection and new biological materials production. This article reviews the rece
42、ntly developed technologies based on lentivectors, spermatogonial stem cells, zinc finger nucleases and RNA interference. Key words: transgenic technology; animal; lentivectors; spermatogonial stem cells; zinc-finger nucleases; RNA interference,50,转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻的光合特性摘要：【目的】系统研究ATP 处理后转PEPC+PPDK 双基
43、因水稻的光合特性，证明ATP 是增强转C4 基因水稻光合能力的关键因子。【方法】以原种和转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻为材料，进行了PCR 检测，C4 光合酶活性的测定。通过ATP 处理后，分析了光、温光合曲线和活性氧代谢有关指标，统计分析了相关的产量构成因素。【结果】原种中虽有全套的C4 光合酶，但活性很低。PCR 检测出玉米的PEPC 和PPDK 基因转入普通水稻后，转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻高表达了C4 光合酶活性。在高光和高温条件下，同未施ATP 的相比，ATP 处理后转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻光合速率分别提高17%和12%。在光氧化条件下，耐光氧化能力进一步增强，产量提
44、高15%。【结论】ATP 处理后,转PEPC+PPDK 双基因水稻增强了光合生产力，表明ATP 是设计类似C4 水稻的关键因子。关键词：转基因水稻；光合特性； C4 光合途径；ATPKey words: Transgenic rice; Photosynthetic characteristics; C4 photosynthetic pathway; ATP,51,Photosynthetic Characteristics of Transgenic Rice with PEPC+PPDK GeneAbstract:【Objective】The aim of this paper is t
45、o study photosynthetic characteristics of PEPC+PPDK transgenic rice fordemonstrating that ATP is the key factor enhancing the photosynthetic capacity in transgenic rice with C4 genes.【Method】 With theuntransformed rice and PEPC+PPDK transgenic rice as the materials, PCR test and the activity of C4 p
46、hotosynthetic enzymes wereconducted. After the ATP treatment , the light, temperature-photosynthetic curves, the parameters related to the metabolism of activeoxygen and the component factors of yield were analyzed. 【Result】The untransformed rice posses all the C4 photosynthetic enzymesbut their act
47、ivities are very low. The PCR test indicated that PEPC and PPDK gene from maize were transformed into common rice. The activities of the C4 enzymes in PEPC+PPDK transgenic rice were highly expressed. Under the conditions of high photon fluxdensity and high temperature, the photosynthetic rate of PEP
48、C+PPDK transgenic rice after the ATP treatment increased by 17% and12%, respectively, compared with the control without ATP treatment. The resistance of PEPC+PPDK transgenic rice against photooxidation was further enhanced under the photooxidative conditions. The yield of PEPC+PPDK transgenic rice w
49、ere alsoincreased by 15%. 【Conclusion】 The photosynthetic productivity of PEPC+PPDK transgenic rice after the ATP treatment wasenhanced, demonstrating that ATP is the key factor for designing the C4-like rice.Key words: Transgenic rice; Photosynthetic characteristics; C4 photosynthetic pathway; ATP,
