1、Research Paper Writing,Lecture 4 Unit 4Unit 4Process of Doing the Research (II),TEACHING PLAN,Period I: 40 minutes Explanation of the text-book: pp.29-40Period II: More words about steps of research paper writing,Process of Doing the Research (II),4.1Format of the Note Cards 4.2Forms of Note Cards 4
2、.2.1The Quotation Note Card 4.2.2The Paraphrase Note Card 4.2.3The Summary Note Card 4.2.4The Comment Note Card 4.2.5Note in Chinese Origin 4.3Note-Taking on a Computer 4.4Avoiding Plagiarism,Note within text (文内注),赫曼斯（Hermans）则认为：“规范是心理和社会实体，是人们互动交际中重要的构成因素，属于社会化进程中的一部分。从广义上讲，规范涵盖常规与法令之间的全部领域（转引韩江洪
3、、张柏然，2004：53-55）。”他还认为，规范介于惯例和法则之间，它的一头是惯例（convention），另一头是法则（decree）。谢芙娜（Schffner, 2007：1）在巴切（Bartsch）的规范观之基础上，认为：“规范是社交过程的产物，是社会团体成员共有的惯例，是其社会行为的范例，它能规约人们关于行为举止本身及其结果的期待。”,Note cards:(1) Note cards that summarizeSummarizing is the best kind of preliminary note taking because it is the fastest. A s
4、ummary condenses information, perhaps encapsulating a chapter in a short paragraph or a paragraph in a short sentence. A summary should be written in your own words.,(2) Note cards that paraphraseLike a summary, a paraphrase is written in your own words. It retells the information in about the same
5、number of words of the original source, while a summary only reports the significant information in fewer words than the source. If you retain occasional choice phrases from the source, put quotation marks around them so that youll know later which phrases are your own to avoid plagiarism.,(3) Note
6、cards that quoteA quotation consists of the exact words from a source. On your note cards, put all quoted material in quotation marks and be sure to copy the words of your source exactly, including punctuation and capitalization. Quotation should be reserved for special purposes: to use a writers es
7、pecially vivid or expressive wording, to allow an expert to explain a complex matter clearly, or to let critics of an opinion state their insightful points in their own words. If you find yourself quoting a great deal in your notes, you are probably wasting time, because your final essay should not
8、contain excessive quotations.,(4) Personal note/comment cardsWhile you are reading the primary or secondary sources, you may experience some flashes of insight, connections with other reading, sharp questions, a more restricted topic, ways to set up the arguments of two opposing positions, or a vivi
9、d picture. Write these inspirations down before you forget them.,Working out the thesis statement and the outline When you have accumulated sufficient information for your paper, it is time to shape it into a unified, coherent whole, and form a thesis statement for your paper, that is, a single sent
10、ence that expresses your main point of view toward your topic. Writing this statement is a way of making sure that you know where you are heading and that you remain on the right track when you plan and write. In other words, the thesis statement will serve as a guideline to your paper. What you are
11、 going to write should center round it, support it, bear it out, and disprove arguments against it.,After you have a satisfactory thesis statement, the next thing you should do is to work out an outline for your paper. An outline will help you organize your ideas and order your material. However, yo
12、u should not always be limited by your outline. Very often, new ideas turn up in the course of writing which may lead your thoughts in a different direction. When that happens, do not hesitate to revise or reshape your original outline as you go along. It is not uncommon for writers to make changes
13、in their outlines, even their thesis statements and topics, after they have finished their papers.,Your outline may be either a topic outline, in which all points are mentioned in short phrases, or a sentence outline, in which all points are expressed in complete sentences. A topic outline is often
14、sufficient for writing course composition. However, for longer papers or more complex ones, you probably need a more detailed and formal sentence outline, for it shows succinctly (clearly) how each section of your paper will lead to the conclusion.,There are other ways of labeling the parts of an ou
15、tline, but the two forms discussed here are the commonest. Sample A is a topic outline and Sample B is a sentence outline. Study them carefully. Sample 1 A Comparison of Chinese and Western Moralities Reflected in Chinese and English Proverbs,Thesis statement:From the comparison between Chinese prov
16、erbs and English proverbs concerning face and prestige, friendship, filial duty and women, cultural backgrounds and different values are the main reasons for the differences between Chinese and western moralities.Outline:I IntroductionII Definition and features of proverbs2.1 Definition of proverbs2
17、.2 Common features of proverbs III Relationship between proverbs and moralities,IV Chinese and western moralities reflected in Chinese and English proverbs4.1 Attitudes towards face and prestige4.2 Attitudes towards friendship4.3 Attitudes towards filial duty4.4 Attitudes towards women Reasons for m
18、oral differences 5.1 Different cultural backgrounds5.2 Different values Conclusion,Sample 2: The Independence of Jane EyreThesis statement: Jane Eyre tried to preserve her self-respect, independence and self-sufficiency at every stage of her life, both in struggling with social pressure and in resis
19、ting the temptation of passion.Outline:I At Gateshead, Jane began to realize the importance of independence.1.1 Jane, a poor orphan of ten, did not evoke sympathy from other people, because she was not pretty. 1.2 From John Reed Jane learned that dependence and incompetence invited nothing but scorn
20、.,1.3 In the red room, Jane began to realize that she needed to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant.II At Lowood Institution, Jane gained strength from her teacher and fellow students to achieve her independence. 2.1 Jane learned from Maria Temple the value of independence.
21、 2.2 Jane learned from Helen the importance of duty and self-control.III At Thomfield Hall, Jane showed her independence fully. 3.1 Jane worked as a governess to support herself.,3.2 Jane tried to regain control over her passion when she felt her loss of independence after she accepted Rochesters lo
22、ve.IV At Moor House, Jane learned the pleasure of self-sufficiency.4.1 Jane became spiritually stronger and more confident through her friendship with the two sisters, Diana and Mary Rivers.4.2 Jane gained social respect by teaching in the village school.4.3 Jane rejected St. Johns offer of marriage
23、 because she did not want to live as a tool to serve God. At Ferdean, Jane married Rochester as his equal after his wifes death and his loss of all his property in a big fire.,Writing Exercise IVThe Importance of Punctuation in Research Paper Writing,End of the Lecture,1. Assignment next week:2. Review: Unit 53. Preview: Unit 4,
