1、关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!1 关于“国家有关规定”的译法:进行法律文件的 中译英时 ,我们常常遇到这样的词语:“应当符合国家有关规定”、“依照国家有关税收的规定”、“ 依照国家外汇管理规定”等等中“国家有关规定”,如按字面“形”的含义译出,译成“ the relevant state provisions ”或“ the relevant provisions of the state ”显然不正确,没有把深层含义译出。按照牛津高阶英汉双解词典的定义, provision C 意为 condition or stipulation in a legal document ,比如:“根据协议的
2、规定”可译成:“ under the provisions of the agreement ”。上面“国家有关规定” 译成“ the relevant state provisions ”,把国家与法律文件( a legal document )等同起来显然不妥。那么,“国家有关规定”应怎么理解才能使译文符合原文的含义?首先,我们应清楚,“国家法规”应包括两大部分,即由全国人民代表大会发布的法律 (laws) 和由国务院及国务院有关部门发布的行政法规 (regulations) 。故“国家有关规定”一般应理解为“国家颁发的有关法律、法规的规定”,译成 : “ the provisions o
3、f the relevant laws and regulations issued by the state ”。然而,“国家有关规定”已成了“国家有关部门的规定”的习惯用语,因此,应译成:“ the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the state ”。这样就把“国家有关规定”的“神似”的含义译出来了。例1:原文:公司名称应符合国家有关规定。原译文: A companys name shall be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the State.Notes:
4、按上面的“重神似”的原则,原文“国家有关规定”应译成:the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State。参考译文:A company s name shall be in conformity withthe provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State.。例2:原文:“外资企业依照国家有关税收的规定纳税并可以享受减税、免税的优惠待遇。”原译文:“ Enterprises with foreign capital shall pay taxes i
5、n accordance with relevant state provisions for tax payment, and may enjoy preferential treatment for reduction of or exemption from taxes.”Notes:除上面提及的“国家有关规定”译法外,句子的结构也应调整。参考译文:Enterprises with foreign capital shall ,in accordance with the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State
6、 on tax payment, pay taxes and may enjoy preferential treatment for reduction of or exemption from taxes.例3:原文:“外国公司在中华人民共和国境内设立的分支机构的登记,按照国务院的有关规定办理。”原译文:“ The registration of a branch as subsidiary set up by a foreign company within the territory of the Peoples Republic of China shall be conducted
7、 in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council.”Notes:1 ) 公司的分支机构有两类,一是分公司( branch ),二是子公司 (subsidiary) ,原文中的“分支机构”是泛指,应理解为包括分公司和子公司,应译成 a branch or a subsidiary 。2 ) 原文中的“按照国务院的有关规定办理”不能简单译成 “in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council” ,这样译法只能定位“重形似”,这里需要对原文进行
8、深层的理解,应理解为“按照国务院有关行政法规的规定办理”,按照我国的法律制度,法律由全国人民代表大会颁发,国务院负责制定行政法规,我们所说的国务院的有关规定,实际上是指“国务院制定颁发的有关行政法规的规定,”因此应译成: “ in accordance with the provisions of the relevant administration regulations issued by the State Council.”参考译文:The registration of a branch or a subsidiary set up by a foreign company wit
9、hin the territory of the Peoples Republic of China shall be conductedin accordance with the provisions of the relevant administration regulations issued by the State Council2 关于“依法”的译法:中文法律文件中“依法” 与“有关法律法规”中“法律”不一样。“有关法律法规”中“法律”,是指具体的某部法律,这里的英文 law 是可数名词,因此要译成 the relevant laws and regulations 。而 “依
10、法” 是指“依照法律”之意,是指整体法的泛指,应译成 in accordance with law ,也可译成 in accordance with the law ,这里的 law 是不可数名词,意为 body of such rules 即(整体的)法,法律。 下列各例中 的“依法”都为不可数名词。例1:原文:对外贸易经营者依法自主经营、自负盈亏。参考译文:Foreign trade dealers shall,in accordance with the law, enjoy full autonomy in their business operation and be respons
11、ible for their own profits and losses.例2:原文:国务院外汇管理部门及其分支机构(以下统称外汇管理机关),依法履行外汇管理职责,负责本条例的实施。参考译文:The foreign exchange control department under the State Council and the branches thereof (hereinafter referred to as foreign exchange control organs) shall,in accordance with law, perform. the functions
12、of foreign exchange control and be responsible for the implementation of these Regulations.例3:原文:Whenever the United States government or any officer or agency thereof shall provide pensions or other aid for the aged, cooperation by the State therewith and therein is herebyauthorized in such manner
13、and to such extent as may be providedby law.Notes:1 ) 原文“ any officer or agencythereof” 应译成 “ 任何政府官员或政府机构 ” ,thereof是法律英语用词,意为 “of the United States government” 。2 ) 原文“therewith and therein” 是法律英语用词,分别意为 “with the United States government or any officer or agencythereof” 和 “in providing pensions or
14、 other aid for the aged” 。因此,原文 “cooperation by the Statetherewith and therein” 应译成: “ 本州协助联邦政府、政府官员或政府机构提供的上述养老金或其它帮助 ”3 ) 原文“hereby”是英语法律条款中常用的副词,意为:“特此,因此,兹”。4 ) 原文“ by law.” ,文中的 “by law” 是 “ 依法 ” 、 “ 按照法律 ” 之意,是不可数名词。参考译文:无论何时美国联邦政府或任何政府官员或政府机构应向老年人提供养老金或其它帮助,本州协助联邦政府、政府官员或政府机构提供的上述养老金或其它帮助,按照法
15、律可能规定的方式和程度,应特此予以授权。3 关于 “一方,另一方”的译法:“一方,另一方”在法律、合同文件经常出现的用语,其中“一方”是指“当事人一方”、“当事人中的任何一方”之意。在 中译英时 ,不能按字面翻译,译成 one party 或 one of the Parties, 从英文字的含义来说 one party 是指 a particular party 之意,是确指,而 either ,按牛津高级词典解释,是指两者之一。在法律条文中的“一方”往往是指“当事人中的任何一方”,应当译成 either party 或 either of the parties 。 下例各句中 “一方”都
16、是“当事人中的任何一方”之意。例1:原文:当事人达成仲裁协议,一方向人民法院起诉的,人民法院不予受理,但仲裁协议无效的除外。Notes:原文中的“一方” , 根据本条文含义,“ 一 方向人民法院起诉的,”是指“达成仲裁协议当事人中的任何一方”,而决不是指“向人民法院起诉的一方”是确定的。因此这里的“一方”不译成 one party 或 one of the Parties ,应当译成 either party 或 either of the parties 。参考译文:A peoples court shall not accept an action initiated byeitherof
17、 the parties if the Parties have concluded and entered into an arbitration agreement, unless the arbitration agreement is invalid.例2:原文:当事人一方违约后,对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。参考译文:Aftereither partyviolates a contract, the other party shall take proper measures to prevent the increas
18、e of the losses. Provided that where the other party fails to take proper measures so that the losses are increased, the party in question shall not claim any compensation in relation to the increased losses.例3:原文:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定,给对方造成损失的,损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失,包括合同履行后可以获得的利益,但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时
19、预见 到或者 应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。参考译文:Whereeither partyto a contract fails to perform. the contract obligations or its performance fails to satisfy the requirements and provisions of the contract and causes loss to the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to the losses caused b
20、y the breach of contract, including the obtainable gains after the performance of the contract, provided that the amount of compensation shall not exceed such probable foreseen losses caused by the breach of contract as has been foreseen or as shall be foreseen when the breaching party concludes the
21、 contract.4 关于“中央储备粮”的译法:“中央储备粮”意为“中央人民政府的储备粮”,应译成: grain reserves of the central people s government ,而不能按字面意思译成: the central grain reserves 。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释, central: (1) 意为 “of, at, near or forming the centre of sth ” (中央的,在中心的,形成中心的)。例如, We live in central London. (我们住在倫 敦 中部); Our house is very c
22、entral, i.e. is in or close to the centre of the town. )(我们的房子就在市中心)。( 2 )意为 having overall power or control (有全部权力或控制力的)。例如, central government, i. e . the government of the whole country, as contracted with the local government. (中央政府,即区别于地方政府)。以上可见“中央储备粮”,既不是“处于中心的储备粮”,也不可能是“有全部权力或控制力的储备粮”,而是“中央人
23、民政府的储备粮”,应译成: grain reserves of the central people s government 。请看以下例子:例1:原文:为了加强对中央储备粮的管理,保证中央储备粮数量真实、质量良好和储存安全,保护农民利益,维护粮食市场稳定,有效发挥中央储备粮在国家宏观调控中的作用,制定本条例。参考译文:These Regulations are formulated and enacted in order to strengthen the administration ofgrain reserves of the central peoples government,
24、 ensure their authentic quantity, high quality and safe storage of the reserves in question, safeguard farmers interests, maintain the stability of the grain market, and play the effective role of grain reserves of the central peoples government in the State macro-control system.5 关于“技术规范”的译法:所谓“技术规
25、范”是指对建造某一项目的技术要求和范围,规定了所用材料的质量和工艺标准,应译成 technical specifications ,而不应译成 technical norms 。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释, specifications 意为 details and instructions describing the design, materials, etc of sth to be made or done ( 规格;规格说明 ) 。例如, specifications for building a garage (建造车库的规格说明); the technical specific
26、ations of a new car ( 新汽车的技术规范 ) 。而 norms 则意为 standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc) , You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in. (在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。)以上可见 specifications 主要用于技术上的要求,标准和规范,而 norms 主要用于行为准则,规范。下面 各例都是 指技术规范,都用 specifications 。例1:原文:中国储备粮管理总公司直属企业、中央储备粮代储企业(以下
27、统称承储企业)储存中央储备粮,应当严格执行国家有关中央储备粮管理的行政法规、规章、国家标准和技术规范,以及中国储备粮管理总公司依照有关行政法规、规章、国家标准和技术规范制定的各项业务管理制度。参考译文:The enterprises directly subordinated to the China Grain Reserves Corporation and the enterprises entrusted with the storage of grain reserves of the central people s government (hereinafter collecti
28、vely referred to as the storing enterprises) shall, in the storage of grain reserves of the central people s government, strictly comply with the administrative regulations, rules, national standards andtechnical specificationson the administration of grain reserves of the central people s governmen
29、t, and with the various business management systems formulated by the China Grain Reserves Corporation in accordance with the relevant administrative regulations, rules, national standards andtechnical specifications.例 2:原文:“Specification” means thespecificationof the Works included in the Contract
30、and any modification thereof or addition thereto under Clause 51 or submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.参考译文:“规范”是指合同规定的工程规范,以及任何根据第 51 条或由承包人提出并经工程师批准的对规范的修改或增补。6 关于“但、但是”的译法:法律条文中的“但、但是”不能按 不 字面意思,译成 but ,这种译法意思并不准确。按 “ 重神似 ” 的原则,应把 “但、但是”内在含义译出。法律条文往往在同一个条文中对某事作了规定后,需要作进一步规定时
31、,在语气上常常用“但是”“但”等词表转折,然而,法律条文中的“但是”“但”,并不是我们平常意义中的“但是”,是法律上的“进一步规定”之意,法律英语中,我们常用 provided that , provided also that, provided however that 或 provided further that 来表示。在美国的法律文件中通常在 provided 和 that 之间用 逗号逗开 ,写成: provided , that ; provided , also , that ; provided , however , that 或 provided , further ,
32、 that 来表示,这些词组都表示“但规定”,“进一步规定”“但是”等意。例1:原文:受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺,按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人,但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期的,除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外,该承诺有效。原译文:If the offeree dispatches the acceptance within the time limit for acceptance which can reach the offeror in due time under normal circumstance,butthe acceptance reac
33、hes the offeror beyond the time limit because of other reasons, the acceptance shall be effective, except that, the offeror informs the offeree promptly that it does not accept the acceptance because it exceeds the time limit for acceptance.Notes:译文中的but显然是按字面的意思译出,按“重神似”的原则,应译成 provided that 。把译文的其
34、他错误改正,此句可改为:参考译文:When, within the time limit for acceptance, the offeree dispatches the acceptance, the acceptance in question will, in normal circumstances, reach the offeror in time.Provided thatif , because of other reasons , the acceptance reaches the offeror beyond the time limit, the acceptanc
35、e shall remain effective, except that, the offeror promptly informs the offeree that the offeror in question refuses to accept the acceptance because the time limit for acceptance has exceeded.例2:原文:The accounts of every such public corporationheretoforeorhereaftercreated shall be subject to the sup
36、ervision of the state comptroller, or, if the member or members of such public corporation are appointed by the mayor of a city, to the supervision of the comptroller of such city;provided, however,that, this provision shall not apply to such a public corporation createdpursuant toagreement or compa
37、ct with another state or with a foreign power, except with the consent of the parties to such agreement or compact.Notes:1 ) 原文“provided, however,that,” 为法律英语中常用短语,用于法律条款对某事作规定后,需要作进一步规定时使用,这里译成 “ 但规定 ” 。2 ) 原文“pursuant to” 为法律英语中常用短语,译成“根据”。3 ) 原文“ a foreign power” 这里是泛指,译成 “ 外国机构 ” ,其实 “ power” 按照
38、具体情况可译成 “” 很有权力或影响力的人、团体或国家,即 “person, group or state with great authority or influence” 之意。参考译文:本宪法 制定颁发时或之后设立的所有此类公共公司的 帐户 应受州财务总监的监督,或者,如果此类公共公司的成员是由某一市的市长任命的,则应受该市的财务总监的监督;但规定,本规定不应适用于根据与另一州或外国机构签订的协议或契约而成立的公共公司,但经该协议或契约双方当事人同意的除外。7 关于“不”的译法:法律条文中经常出现:“ 不 . 的”的用语,这里的“不”一般不译成 do not ,应用 fail to d
39、o 来表示。 do not 为非法律用语,应用法律正式用语 fail + 不定式表示。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释,“ fail to do sth ”意为“ forget, neglect or be unable (to do sth ) ”,即忘记、忽视或未能(做某事)之意。例1:原文:公司破产、解散清算结束后,不申请注销登记的,由公司登记机关吊销营业执照。原译文:If a companydoes notapply for the cancellation of registration after the liquidation of bankruptcy or dissolution
40、has concluded, the business license shall be revoked by the company registrationauthority.Notes:译文中does notapply for 为非正式表达法,应改为fails toapply for 。另外 authority 为权力, authorities 才是当局,机关、部门之意。参考译文:Where a companyfails toapply for the cancellation of registration after the liquidation of bankruptcy or
41、dissolution has concluded, the business license shall be revoked by the company registrationauthorities.例2:原文:If any party to a casefails toperform. the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgement rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, it dee
42、ms necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgement.Notes:原文的fails toperform. 意为“不履行”, 比does notperform. 正式。原文的 the Court 按照上文的意思,应译成“国际法院”。按照联合国宪章的规定,联合国成员国为任何案件的当事国。因此,原文的party,应译成“当事国”。参考译文:如一案件的任何当事国不履行国际法院对其所应负义务的判决时,该当事国可向安全理事会提出申诉。安全理事会如认为必要时
43、,可以就应采取的措施来执行国际法院的判决,提出建议或作出决定。8. 关于“基金”的译法:所谓“基金”是指一笔“专款”,应译成 a fund ,而不译成 funds 。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释, Fund 为可数名词,意为 sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose (专款;基金)。例如, a disaster/ relief fund 赈灾(救济)款; the church restoration fun 教堂修缮基金。又如, International Monetary Fund(IMF) 国际货币基金组织。可
44、见, Fund 为可数名词,一般为单数形式表示某项基金,如非用复数形式 Funds 意思又指 “ 基金 ” ,则意为 “ 多项基金 ” 。 而一般复数形式 funds 则意为 financial resources; money 表示 “ 资金 ” , “ 存款 ” , “ 现款 ”“ 储备 ” 等。例如, government funds 政府的资金。又如, I m short of funds so I ll pay you next week. 我手头缺钱,下星期再付给你吧。因此,在翻译时一定要注意此词单、复数的不同含义。例1:原文:国家根据对外贸易发展的需要建立和完善为对外贸易服务的金
45、融机构,设立对外贸易发展基金、风险基金。原译文:The State shall establish and improve financial institutions for foreign trade and establishfundsfor foreign trade development and risk as the development of foreign trade requires.Notes:译文中的 funds 容易引起误解,为 “ 资金 ” 之意。按原文之意,是要建立两项基金: “ 对外贸易发展基金 ” 和 “ 风险基金 ” 。因此,不如分别译成:the deve
46、lopment fundfor foreign trade and therisk fund,使意思明白无误。参考译文:The State shall establish and improve financial institutions serving foreign trade and establishthe development fundfor foreign trade and therisk fundto meet the requirements for the development of foreign trade.例2:原文:The legislature may es
47、tablisha fund or fundsto aid in the stabilization of the tax revenues of the state available for expenditure or distribution.Notes:原文中的 a fund or funds 都是指要建立的“一项或多项基金”。参考译文:州立法机构可以建立一项或多项基金,帮助稳定用于支出或分配的州纳税收入。例3:原文:Any law creating sucha fundshall specify the tax or taxes to whichsuch fundrelates, and shall prescribe the method of determining the amount of revenue from any such tax or taxes which shall constitute a norm of each fiscal year.Notes:原文中的 a fund 和 such fund 都是指要建立的“此类基金”。参考译文:建立此类基金的任何法律应明确规定与此类基金有关的税收,并应规定确定此类税收收入额度的方法, 该确定 的