1、The three foundations of learning; seeing much, suffering much, and studying much1高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原味。在阅读中，当我们遇到一些长而难的句子，会感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。一、抓住结构引导词分
2、析其长难句结构和功能 并列结构一般有连词 and，but，or 等连接；1、带有较多成分的简单句。例 1: Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance ，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏 经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的
3、电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。(在这个有 30 多个词的简单句中，动词-ing 形式短语用作时间状语，不定式 to be used 修饰的不仅是 womens magazine，而且还修饰 television programs and stations. exact television 同时修饰 programs 和 stations 两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance 把主语和谓语分隔开了。)练习：请划出句中的主句并翻译全句。 So, compared to what used to be, society is way ahead; compare
4、d to what might be, it is behind.因此，比起过去的状况，现实社会已大大进步了；然而与可能达到的目 标相比，则又远远落后了。 (That day, the boys from both teams helped bring a piece of true love and humanity into this world.) Shay didnt make it to another summer and died that winter, having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so
5、 happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day! (2011 江苏，D)那天，双方的球员都帮着把一个真的 爱与人性带到了这个世界。 小谢没有活到下一个夏天。在那年的冬天他死了。 但是，他一直都没有忘记那天他成为英雄。他让他的爸爸如此的快乐，而回家的时候，看到他妈妈含着泪水去拥抱那天的小英雄。2、含有多个简单句的并列句。有时候，一个句子会包含多个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列表语，这些并列结构往往有连词 and，but，or 等连接，要注意利用连词和标点符号
6、来判断并列部分。例 1: In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.在 20 世纪 70 年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和 5 个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。（在第二个并列句中，即在 had 前面省略了 and he.）例 2: The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to be a good cause an
7、d not into the pockets of profit-driven companies，and you are not damaging the planet，but finding a new home for unwanted goods.(2008 天津 B 篇)对于它们我最喜欢的是你的钱拿去办好事的，而不是进了营利公司的口袋，你不是在破坏这个地球，而是在为那些人 们不需要的商品找到一个新的去 处。（该句表语从句部分用了两个并列的句子：第一个 that your money .，第二个句The three foundations of learning; seeing muc
8、h, suffering much, and studying much2子是 you are not .but finding .。理解了该句，可以正确解答第 40 题：The author loves the charity shop mainly because of_.答案选 C(its spirit of good will)。）练习：请划出句中的关键信息（核心句意）并翻译全句。 I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that
9、 whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。 If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any e
10、ffect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English William the Conqueror. 如果你要求别人说出对英语的影响最大的人，你可能会得到像 “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之类的答案。但是与一个甚至不会 说英语的人“征服者”William 相比， 这些人就毫无影响力了（首先找出并列复合句，即 but 连接的两个句子，再看 but 前的并列句中有一个 if 引导的条件状语从句，but 后的并列句中有一个 who 引导的定语从句，修饰 a man。） In some
11、 cases people go abroad for study in their special subject or to learn and get more practice in the language of that country and you cant speak a foreign language really well without having lived in that country where it is spoken.在大多数情况下，人们出国是 为了学习专业，或者学 习并进 一步实践那个国家的语言，因为没有在说这种语言的国家里生活过，你不可能真正 讲好那
12、个国家的 语言。二、抓主干、剔插入语或从句1. 含有多个插入成分的句子。如：例 1: His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作 为国际计 算机联合公司这家软件公司的董
13、事长，他当时还是第一次听 说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他 们公司的新的电子邮件系统。(as chairman of Computer Associates International 是 he 的同位语， a software company 是Computer Associates International 的同位语，他们将从属连词 when 引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。)练习：请划出句中的关键信息（核心句意）并翻译全句。 After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate(巨头) Aristotie Onas
14、sis， Jacquelines close friend and former White House social secretary Letitis Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career in publishing. (2011 福建，D)（The mashups is so called because it combines all the knowledge you could ever need.）It ranges from the extremely useful, such as where all th
15、e World. Heritage Site are, to the most bizarre (古怪的 )，such as where Americas drunkest cities are. (2011 重庆，C)The three foundations of learning; seeing much, suffering much, and studying much32. 含有多个从句的复合句一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状
16、语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。 复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句) 和副词性从句(状语从句) 三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的：so that，for the purpose that，in order that 等；表示结果：sotha
17、t，suchthat，as a result，therefore，thus 等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless 等；表示原因：because，since，as 等。例 1: Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attentio
18、n(2005 全国 I 卷 D 篇)莱文斯发现在有三、四个孩子的家庭里，晚餐的谈话焦点往往是年龄最大和最小的孩子。最大的总是有许多的东西要说，而最小的 则需要最多的关照。(句子主干部分为 Lewis found that，在 that 引导的宾语从句中，含有两个 who 引导的定语从句。修饰 the oldest child 和 the youngest。)例 2: What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his fam
19、ily was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (NMET2002 春招 E 篇)关于那个救了他的命的 19 岁的人 (定语从句) winter 知道的仅仅是，(主语从句) 他死于一场车祸(表语从句 1)，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐献出来，用于移植 (表语从句2)。(在这个句子中，what 引出主语从句。who 引出定语从句，is 后用 that 引出两个并列表语从句。)练习: 请划出句中的连接词和主干信息。 Today it is not unusual for a studen
20、t，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans after four yearsloans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下 5，000 美元学费贷款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。 这样的事现在已经是很平常了。(分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a
21、 student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。it 是形式主语，实际主语为由 for 引出逻辑主语的不定式结构 for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。这里应注意 not unusual 是双重否定，实际表示肯定含义。让步状语从句 even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer 被插在不定式结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于 for 到句末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他
22、们连在一起，而把 it is not unusual 分译。) However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生 ) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的 ) workplace may not have a place for them. The three foundations of
23、learning; seeing much, suffering much, and studying much4然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道， 这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。(本句的主谓语是：those of us know。know 有两个由 that 引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了 know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰 those of us，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰 belief。) I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths
24、 population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。(在 possibility 后由 that 引导的同位语从句中还含有一个并列结构的时间状语从句：asresources.) It is difficult to measure the quantity of
25、 paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers， although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Inter
26、net由于因特网的使用。计算机所使用的 纸张的数量是很难衡量的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人都能告诉你。当引进电 子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于越来越多的使用因特网。(此句夹杂较复杂的句型结构。although 引导的让步状语从句中，主干部分为 just about anyone can tell you that在 that 引导的宾语从句中又含有 when 引导的时间状语从句。)三、抓关键词关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。例 1: Tales from Animal Hospital wil
27、l delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet，whether it be cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003C 篇)来自动物医院(这个电视节目 )的故事(这本书) ，将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。（关键词：fans爱好者whetheror 无论是还是）例 2: After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recordin
28、g their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure在他们逗留之后。所有的游客都会收到一份生存证明 记录他们的成功也就是 说当游客离开小冰屋旅馆时，他们会得到一份 证明表明他 们曾尝试过 冒险。（句中含两个分词短语，关键词 state“表明”。）例 3: The major market force rests in the growing population of white-c
29、ollar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghais car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees主要的市场因素取决于白领工人的人数增加， 这些人付得起 这种新型服务。 换句话说，上海的汽车出租行业发展如此快，主要是因 为白领工人人数的增加。（关键词：rest in 依赖，in other words 换句话说。）练习: 请划出句中的关键词。 I
30、f I went abroad, Id travel round the country as much as I could and try to find as many people as possible, not only to practice the language on but to have discussions with, and Id hope to make some real friends.我要是出国，我会尽量地周游这个国家， 设法尽可能多地结识 一些人，不仅以他们作为语言实践的对象，而且要和他 们讨论问题 。我希望 结识一些真正的朋友。 Dr. Chris K
31、ippers, a counselor at the Betty Ford Center in Southern California, reports that the overuse of cell phones has become a social problem not much different from other harmful The three foundations of learning; seeing much, suffering much, and studying much5addictions: a barrier to one-on-one persona
32、l contact, and an escape from reality.练习: 请划出句中的连接词和主干信息。1. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道，与我们的眼睛相比，猫的眼睛能吸收更多的光 线 ，所以猫在黑夜里看得更清楚.2. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as
33、I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching, my chances of getting the job were little.我因手头很拮据，同时也想干点有用的事，于是便提出了申请，但在提出申请的同时我也担心，自己一无学位，二无教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微。3. One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japans serous population pressure by imaging what Switzerland would be lik
34、e if that small and mountainous county were lived by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million as at present.只要设想一下，如果多山的小国瑞士居住的人口不是现在的 570 万，而是 2800 万，瑞士会是什么情景，人们便会理解日本所面 临的人口压力有多大。4. What would doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a physical check up just before going on
35、 vacation with his family who, though he feels in good health, is found to have a form of disease that will cause him to die within six months?举例说吧：一个 46 岁的男子，在与家人外出度假之前进行体 检。 虽然他自我感觉良好，但医生发现他患了某种形式的疾病，不超过 6 个月就会死去 ,这时，医生 该怎样对他讲呢？5. He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeede
36、d in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when faced with the huge untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside his textbooks.他发现原来比较容易教的学生现在踌躇不前：原来比较容易教是因为他们能把教给他们的东西付诸实践；现在踌躇是因为他们面对大量的教科书上没有接触过的英语单词和习惯用语。6. When a good private school recently closed
37、, some thoughtful citizens suggested that it be taken over by the public school system and used for boys and girls of high ability, that it have entrance requirements and give an advanced program of studies to excellent students who were invited and able to take it .当一所私立学校关门的时候，一些有 识之士认为，公立学校系统应该接管
38、这所学校并将其用于培养才智高的学生；这些人士还主张，该校应该规定若干入学要求，为既有兴趣而接受能力又强的学生提供高标准的教学大纲。7. And if children from our societys lower rungs do manage to make it into a good college, the lack of financial support makes them far more likely to drop out than the children of the affluent, even if they have as much or more native
39、 ability. One long-term study by the Department of Education found that students with high test scores but low-income parents were less likely to complete college than students with low scores but affluent parents loosely speaking, that smart poor kids are less likely than dumb rich kids to get a de
40、gree.就算（美国）社会下层的孩子设法进了好大学，由于缺乏经济支持，即便他 们具有同等或者更高的天资，辍学的可能性还 是比富家子弟高得多。教育部展开的一项长期调查显示，与考分低但父母富裕的学生相比，考分高但父母收入低的学生读完大学的可能性较小。大致 说来，The three foundations of learning; seeing much, suffering much, and studying much6聪明的穷孩子不像愚蠢的富孩子那样容易拿到学位。长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然
41、后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤
42、其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。三、在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：1、是否有同位语和插入语。2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3、替代词的所指对象。4、判断并列成分的层次。 5、句首的并列连词 and、or、but、for 通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。练一练：请完成阅读题并划出各句主干信息。1.
43、These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills. It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt， according to one
44、 research.(NMET 2008 陕西卷 E 篇)大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。 这种现象也可以追溯到我们 的祖先时代，据一 项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子 这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。 Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls.B. More women take
45、up jobs requiring speech skillsC. Women may have stronger feelings than men. D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.2. Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches
46、 the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷 B 篇)来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上 层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有 30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。 Only a small part of the Suns energy reaches the Earths surface bec
47、ause most of it is_.A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphereThe three foundations of learning; seeing much, suffering much, and studying much7C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes3. One
48、of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group.(NMET 2008 辽宁卷 C 篇)对他来说，不关心自己的学 习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同 龄人的影响。 Why did Tom give up studying?A. He disliked his teachers. B. His parents no longer supported him. C. Its cool for boys of his age not to care about stu
49、dies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.4. The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品 ) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008 重庆卷 E 篇)无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡 壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花 瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆
