1、,得 阅 读 者 得 天 下,阅 读 理 解 之 技 巧,初中 阅读理解,阅读材料,题材：故事，寓言， 人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等 体裁：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等,学生素质,阅读速度 理解程度 思维能力 综合文化素质,具体考查的内容,理解具体信息 推测生词词义 理解概念性含义 判断、推理和引申 理解主旨要义 理解结构，句段关系 理解作者意图,解题步骤,一、快速阅读，读懂大意 二、明确要求，逐一解答 三、重读问题，理解问题（带着问题，找答案。-找出处、划线） 四、带着问题，重读文章（仔细斟酌不确定的答案。 ）
2、五、复读全文，最后把关（核对-总体把握）,题型大聚会,1. 推理题 2. 词汇题 3. 主旨题 4. 态度观点题 5. 指代题,解题技巧碰碰碰,（一）推理题及解题技巧,推理题：数字推理知识推断逻辑推理细节推断考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。,考查学生,判断、推理和引申 理解作者的意图、观点或态度常用逻辑词: “infer, conclude, imply, suggest”等。,推论,推断,暗示,暗示,技巧,1. 吃：吃透意思 2. 捕：捕捉线索 3. 挖：挖掘加工 4. 握：把握关系 5. 摸：揣摸作者,1.数字推断题,Mr Brown first went to look at the
3、 underground - fire when he was seven. “Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot,“ said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）. 1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _. A. at the age of seven B. seven years old C.
4、 in the year of 1898 D. more than（超过）80 years ago,A,When he was seven years old,Party in Taiwan On his nine-day trip from May 5-13, he visited Xian, Nanjing, Shanghai and Changsha, as well as Beijing. Soong, 63, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan Province in 1942. He went to Taiwan with his father at the a
5、ge of seven.67. Soong went to Taiwan with his father in _. A. 1942 B. 1945 C. 1949 D. 1948,1.数字推断题,C,例题： The United States became an independent country in 1783, and New York Was its capital for a short time. The United States became an independent country in _. A. the 17th century B. the 16th centu
6、ry C. the 18th century D. the 19th century,注意年与世纪的关系， 例如：1867年是19世纪，1990年是20世纪, 2008年是21世纪。,C,2. 知识推断题,知识推断：根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。,实例 Tokyo：Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（蓝宝石）worth nearly six hundred dollars at a Japan
7、ese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum. “Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but its different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police said. The jewels was being shown in _. A. an Indian hotel B. an Indian
8、 museum C. a Japanese hotel D. a Japanese museum,C,3. 逻辑结论推断题,逻辑结论：指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。,实例,My father has little time for films. But one day as he finished his work, he found a film ticket under the glass on the desk. He went to the cinema quickly. Whe
9、n he was seated, a woman came to my father and said the seat was hers. They both took out their tickets and found the seat shown on them was Row 8,Seat 16. After looking at the ticket more carefully, my father said, “Sorry, its not todays ticket.” From this passage we can know that the writers fathe
10、r was _.,careless,4. 细节推断题,为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如what, who, where, when, 等，即“supporting details”。,所依据的 细节,实例,When the bell was ringing. The boys came into the room. Each one had a bat or a ball. All had red faces. They were glad to get into their seats. The teacher said it was time to get back to w
11、ork.Which of the following sentence is probably true?A. The class was over.B. The boys had just come back from playing.C. The teacher told the boys to work.,B,很可能的,细节认定题。此类题主要考查学生对相关信息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定的细节是否注意和理解。,【考题再现】（2007兰州中考题）,Vision-phones can be of great use when you have som
12、ething to show the person whom you are calling. It may also have other uses in the future. Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone. You may be able to do some shopping through it, too. 59.In the future, you can use a vision-phone to _. A. rea
13、d a book B. ask an assistant to read a book for you C. ask an assistant to bring you a book D. ask an assistant to do some shopping for you,A,【剖析】根据Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.结合someday与题干中的In the future 相等。所以答案为A,The deep sea is
14、not an easy place to live in. It is cold and dark. The deeper it is, the less light there is. At the depth of about 3,000feet, there is not light at all.Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third dangerother animals. Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. Howe
15、ver, some eat meat.,【考题再现】（2007天津中考题）,63. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea according to the passage? A. One B. Two C. Three D.Four 64.According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG?A. When one animal finds something to eat, it may be eaten by others.B. Many sea animals e
16、at plants.C. The deeper the sea is, the darker it is.D. At the depth of 3,000 feet, all animals can find their ways.,63.选C根据文中第五段Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third danger-other animals这组句子。 64.选D根据文中第四段第二行”At the depth of about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all.可推断；没有光线，就很难找到
17、路，D项不符,常见的推理判断题题干,According to the passage，what /which is“”?Which of the following statement is (not) true/ correct/mentioned/listed/included?All of the following statements are true/correct/ mentioned except_?,根据,下面的,陈述，表述,正确的,正确的,提到的,列出的,包括的,除了.(不包括),文章,哪一个,（二）词汇题及解题技巧,测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。标志是The
18、underlined word “” in line refers to ,下划线的,在第行的,指的是,技巧,返回原文，找到该句子 结合上下文，理解该词意思 重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理 选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达 超纲 词汇不是正确答案 正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后,1. 通过因果关系猜词,借助关联词(如because，as，since， for，so，thus，as a result，of course， therefore等等),You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fau
19、lt.,猜词题实例,因为,因此,结果,因此,错误,2. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词,1)同义词 and 连接的词组 e.g. happy and gay解释过程中使用的同义词 e.g. Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars, and Jupiter.,行星,金星,火星,木星,2) 反义词,表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等,与not搭配的或表示否定意义 的词语,1. He is so homely，not as handsome as his brother.,or 连接的词组,2. happy
20、or sorrowful,3. 通过构词法猜词,1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy， fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。,2).后缀- ment表名词，如develop、 development，state、statement， argue、argument等。,3).后缀-er、-or或 -ist表同源名词， 如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter， science、scientist，art、artist等。 。,4. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义,But
21、sometimes, no rain falls for a long， long time. Then there is a dry period， or drought.,干旱,5. 通过句法功能来推测词义,Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.,椰子,6. 通过描述猜词,The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way.
22、Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.,企鹅,When Jack first heard about these children, he wanted to help them. Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa. “When I met her, I felt very very happy.” He said “And I saw that the money was used for a good cause. I want
23、 to do everything I want to go on helping those children.”65.The underlined words “for a good cause” means “_” in Chinese. A. 施舍 B. 行善 C. 优惠 D. 赏赐,【剖析】单从cause一词很难判断，cause有“原因，理由，事业”，也有“使引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是Jack给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于”行善“，这给他带来很多快乐。,【考题再现】（2007重庆中考题）,（三）主旨题及解题技巧,主旨要义 整体理解 概括能力 标
24、志词有： “mainly about； mainly discuss； best title”等。,标题,主要的,讨论,技巧,注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个整体 小心“首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案,常见提问：,1. What is the main idea of this passage? 2. What is the authors main point? 3. What is the subject of this passage? 4.The main purpose of the passage? 5. The title of this passage would
25、 be _.,中心思想,主题,作者的主要观点,目的,6. The best title of this passage could (would) be _. 7. What can be the best title for the text? 8. The topic sentence of the passage is _. 9. The writer in the text mainly tells us _. 10. The passage is mainly aimed to _.,主题句,目的在于,11. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us _. 12. Wh
26、at is the passage mainly about? 13. Which of the following sentence can best describe the main idea of the passage?,描述,短文,大意,In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beatNo single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythmAs you listen
27、 to a song，your foot usually starts to pick up the beatBefore long，your entire body seems to be moving with itYour head pounds with the beat，and there is no room for thoughtOnly the surge of the music is importantIn its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an ever-
28、growing emotional one,在这一段文章中 “In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.” 为主题句。beat则是句子的信息核心。该词在第2、4、6句里重复出现，而第3句中的“rhythm”(节奏)跟“beat”(强烈的节奏)意思基本一致，这就保证了主题平稳而持续的发展。请注意：第8、9句作者重申并总结了主题句，而不是说段末是主题句。,例2The vegetable and fruit and flower merchants are surrounded by baskets of purpl
29、e eggplants, green peppers，strings of tiny silvery onions，heads of bitter Indian spinachand a dozen Indian vegetables for which I dont even know the English namesI had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Mosc
30、ow. In Russia，as winter approaches all vegetables except for potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from the menus,主题句在中间的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow.”,People li
31、ve in cities today think that meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane(玻璃纸)From the supermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feather grows in hats. The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down i
32、n the forest，potatoes are planted and weeded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were主题句,关键-主题句,主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。 三个特点： （1）总领性强，概括性强 （2）结构简单，不用难句 （3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主
33、题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用,实例,Joshua Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently
34、a business lawyer in Miami, Florida. 从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. 所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。,实例,All students of geography should be able to explain a weather map exactly. Weath
35、er condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over a large geographical area. They show in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Office gives out information about coming storms, floods, freeze, dryness, and all c
36、limatic conditions in general. Twice a month it gives out a 30-day “out-look” which is a basic guide to weather conditions likely to happen all over the United States.,Question： What is the main idea of this passage? A. Weather maps are very important to students of geography. B. Weather maps can ha
37、ve a 30-day “outlook”. C. Students of geography should be able to make weather maps exactly. D. Those who major in geography should have the ability to have a good understanding of a weather map.,（四）态度观点题及解题技巧,理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。标志词: attitude , purpose等。,态度,目的,技巧,态度词: Opposition反对，suspicion怀疑的，Approva
38、l支持，Optimistic乐观的，subjective主观的，objective客观的，pessimistic悲观的，biased有偏见的，impartial公正的，sensitive 敏感的， indifference冷漠(一般不选) 。不要搀杂自己的观点 寻找文中具有感情色彩的词 抓论述的主线及举例的方式,49. What do you think of the taxi driver?_ A. He was not an honest person. B. He liked to work very hard. C. He was good at driving D. He was a
39、 kind and clever man,选A.出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客人非常气愤地说：“What?Fifteen dollars?Do you think Im a fool?Only last week, I took a taxi from the rail station to the same hotel and I only give the driver thirteen dollars.”从When the taxi driver heard that, he didnt feel happy any more及But sudde
40、nly, he had an idea.He took the passenger through many streets of the city可知司机不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？,（五）指代题及解题技巧,整体理解文章的能力， 并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。,技巧,返回原文，找出题的指代词 找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子 将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺 找出最佳答案,If you are visiting another country you may feel that you dont have any private space. Hotel rooms look much
41、the same in every country in the world. All day long ,you share public spaces with other people. You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside”. Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you dont know about .And you even feel that they l
42、ike you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more! This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler! But if you understand it then it helps you .Havent you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning” a bit of space? 3.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “them refers to（所指） “_”. A.p
43、ublic spaces B.private spaces C.local people,典型例题分析 根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。 Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. “Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot,“ said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the f
44、ire once more（再一次）. Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out? Scientists have tried to set（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）the fires. I
45、n this way, the burning（燃烧）of underground coal would be soon finished.（被烧完）。,1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _. A. at the age of seven B. seven years old C. in the year of 1898 D. more than（超过）80 years ago 2. Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire because _. A. it was
46、 in the hole B. it was very hot C. it was orange D. it was harmful 3. How many coal fires are there in the world? A. Theres only one. B. Its hard to say. C. There are 260. D. The article（文章）doesnt tell us.,A,B,C,4. Whats one of the best ways to put out（扑灭）the underground fire? A. To cover（覆盖）the hol
47、es with stones（石块）. B. To speed up the fires. C. To see the fires burning. D. To do some experiments（试验）. 5. What is the best title（标题）for the article? A. Watching the Underground - Fire. B. A Way to Put Out the Coal Fires. C. The Burning Earth. D. Coal and Coal Fires.,B,B,分析 1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。a
48、t the age of seven 等于when he was seven，故正确答案为 A 。 2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为 B。 3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为 C。 4在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为 B。 5完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从Mr Brown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为 B。,阅读理解题型,ture or fause,A,B,C o
49、r D,Answer the questions,一、根据文章内容判断正误 Fred telephoned his wife. “Ive got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. Well have something to eat and then go on to the theatre.” Freds wife was very pleased. They hadnt been to the theatre for a long time. She me
50、t her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time. At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “Its very strange,” he said. “They arent here!” “Try your pockets,” said his wife. But the tickets werent there, either. Then Fred looked very embarrassed (尴尬). “Whats the matter?” asked his wife. “Well,” Fred said, “I remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But because I wasnt going home, I left it in the office!”,
