1、词汇与语法 第3讲 名词&主谓一致,语法部分,考试大纲对语法的要求：名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法 动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法； 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法； 常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法； 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法； 虚拟语气的构成及其用法； 各类从句的构成及其用法； 强调句型的结构及其用法； 常用倒装句的结构及其用法。,重点语法及答题技巧点拨,名词、代词（第三讲）、冠词、连词、数词特殊用法 主谓一致-(真题回顾) （第三讲） 动词时态（第四讲） 虚拟语气、倒装句（第五讲）、非谓语动词、强调句（第六讲） 、从句、反义疑问句（第七讲） 副词,
2、介词(短语),动词短语 比较级，最高级,对名词，代词的考察主要包括： 不可数名词量的表示（P196）； 名词所有格； 反身代词，不定代词 主谓一致（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）Mary and Lindas bookMarys and Lindas books.人名+s=某人的店铺，家庭，学校等地点。 I usually buy some meat at the Johnsons. They took part in the birthday party at Toms.,名词&代词,of 所有格名词词组第二次出现时，用that/those 代替。The population of New
3、 York is greater than that of Chicago.It seems that the students of USA are more active than those of China.用砖头建的房子比用木头建的结实。,名词&代词,练习 I dont know _ standing over there. the girls name B. the names girl the name of the girl D. the names of girl2. Todays libraries differ great from _. the past B. thos
4、e of the past C. that are past D. those past3. The police investigate the _ about the bank robbery. A. stander-by B. standers-by C. stander-bys D.standers-bys,名词&代词,真题回顾,1. I respect Oprahs opinion, but I would also like her to respect_.A. my own B. mines C. mine D. me,2. _ is a great pity that ther
5、e are some disagreements in the school board meeting.A. That B. This C. It D. There,名词&代词,4. There are 40 teachers in this school , ten of whom are _. man teachers B. men teacher C. man teacher D. men teachers,名词&代词,3. We like our English teacher because she often tells _ funny stories in class. A.
6、us B. our C. we D. ours,主谓一致 （考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）,两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数 Tom and Dick _ (be) good friends. 但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。 A singer and dancer _ (be) present at the party. The worker and writer _ (be) talking to the students.,are,was,is,2用 and 连接的两个名词若被 no, each, every, many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。 No bird
7、 and no beast _ (be) seen in the bare island. Many a boy and many a girl _ (have) made such a funny experiment. At Christmas each boy and each girl _(be) given a present.,is,has,is,3. 两个主语由not onlybut also, or, eitheror, neithernor 等连接时，谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致 Either he or I _ (be) to go there. _ (be) either
8、 you or he going to attend the meeting?,am,Are,4. 主语后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致 A professor, together with some students, _ (be) sent to help in the work. No one but the teachers _ (be) allowed to use the room.,was,is,5一些集合名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中
9、的成员，谓语用复数 如audience, committee，class, crew, family, government, public等. 但people, police等只能用复数 My family _ (be) a big family. My family _ (be) listening to the radio. The police _ (be) trying to catch the thief.,is,are,are,6表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管是复数形式，但作为一个整体看，谓语还是用单数。 Five minutes _ (be) enough. One doll
10、ar and seventy eight cents _ (be) what she has.,is,is,7. all 作为主语，代表人物时，一般用作复数；代表整个事件或情况时，一般看作单数。 All that I want _ (be) a good dictionary. All _ (be) silent. 人人都缄口无言。万籁俱寂。 All _ (be) out of danger.,is,were/are,were/are,8 形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。What a life the poor _ (be) living!The young _ (be)
11、 happy to give their seats to the old.,were,are,9who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。 Those who want to go should sign your names here. He is one of the students who have passed the exam.He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.,10. 以-ics结尾的学科名称通常作单数. physics(物理学)、 mathematics(数学)
12、、 mechanics(机械学)、 politics(政治学)、 statistics(统计学)、 economics(经济学)等,还有一些以-s接的单、复数同形的名词，如: headquarters(总部), means(方法、手段), series(系列), species(种类), works(工厂)等，随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名称是作单数，还是用作复数。 A headquarters was set up to direct the operation (指挥作战). The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms
13、(诉诸武力).,12.如果作主语的名词词组由“分数(或百分数)+of-词组”构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定。Over sixty percent of the city _ (be) destroyed in the war. Thirty-five percent of the doctors _ (be) women.,was,were,13.如果主语是all of .,some of .,none of .,half of .,most of .等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例如： Most of the money _ recove
14、red by Deputy Player. Most of the members _ there. All of the cargo _ lost. All of the crew _ saved.,was,were,was,were,14.如果主语是由“a kind/sort/type of ,this kind/sort/type of +名词”构成，动词用单数。 This kind of man annoys me.,但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数： These kinds of men annoy
15、 me. Those types/sorts of machines are up to date (最新的，最近的，现代的).,15. 1)由who, why, how, whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。 Who will be chosen to the Beijing is not decided.,2).两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。例如： What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.,主谓一
16、致-真题回顾,1. The educator and scholar from Shanghai. （2003年真题） A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming2. Many a _ realized that this doesnt make any sense. （2003年真题） A. persons has B. persons have C. person has D. person have,3. What they said _ us much to think about. （2004年真题） A. have left B. has
17、 left C. is left D. are left4. A doctor, along with a group of young nurses, _ going to demonstrate the heart operation process. （2005年真题） A. is B. are C. will D. shall,5. Neither of the employees nor the boss _satisfied with the profits. （2006年真题） A. were B. was C. be D. been6. The computer, workin
18、g very fast, _ data at the speed of light. （2007年真题） handles B. handling C. Handled D. has handled7. In the fall the cattle from the high country back down to the farm. （2008年真题） is driven B. are driven C. drives D. drive,8. When and where to hold the meeting _ not decided yet. （2010年真题） is B. are C
19、. has D. have9. After careful investigation we find that one of the statements _ to be untrue. （2012年真题） A. is turned out B. have been turned out C. has turned out D. have turned out 10. How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of their children. （2012年真题） A. hav
20、e B. has C. having D. had,1. the +adj.,the unemployed the poor/rich the questioned the struggled the disadvantaged the injured The injured were taken to hospital for treatment. the old the young The disadvantaged, including the disabled and the elderly need more care and support from the society.,冠词
21、,2. 零冠词的使用,专有名词： Tiananmen Square 节假日: New Years Day, May day, Christmas, April Fools Day (中秋，端午例外)杂志： News Week, Times, Readers Digest 一年四季: spring, summer, fall/autumn, winter,冠词,3. 固定搭配及与冠词有关的表达,使用定冠词的表达by the way in the end in the face of in the future in the world 究竟，到底 in the least 丝毫，一点 I don
22、t think you need to worry in the least. 我认为你一点都不用担心。 on the average on the contrary on the one hand, on the other hand on the spot 当场，在现场 on the whole 总的来说,冠词,the day before yesterday for the time being at the cost of 以。为代价 More and more countries are developing their industries at the cost of envir
23、onment. to the extent of 到。程度 tell the truth,冠词,使用不定冠词的表达as a matter of fact, as a rule, have a chance, have a good time, have a say, have a try, keep an eye on, on a large scale, in a hurry, take a walk, take an interest in不使用冠词的表达at noon/night/dawn, in front of, at bottom, in order, in public/priv
24、ate/danger/trouble/advance/sight/in fashion, in fact, at hand, at last, at present, day and night, on top of, take part in, take place,冠词,真题回顾,The mother asked the boys to put _ everything in _ order before they left the room.(10) A. the, a B. an, the C. /,a D./,/,冠词,连词重点点拨,一、连词属于虚词之一，它不能在句子里独立地担任句子
25、成分，而只能起连接作用连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子。 例如： Would you like some tea or coffee ? （连接词与词）您是喝茶，还是喝咖啡 ？ Do we have our meeting in the morning or in the afternoon ? （连接短语与短语） 我们是上午开会，还是下午开会？ Do it carefully, or youll make some mistake. （连接句子与句子）认真地干，不然会出差错的。,连词,二、连词主要可分成两类：并列连词:用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下
26、面几种：1）表示转折意思 but , yet , however , nevertheless 2）表示因果关系 for , so , therefore , hence 3）表示并列关系 and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut (also) , bothand , as well as,连词,从属连词:是用来引起从句的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句，不会引起定语从句。1. 引起名词从句的连词：that , whether , if 2. 引起状语从句
27、的连词：1）时间状语从句：when , whenever , as , while, before , after, until, till, since, ever since, once, as soon as, every time, the moment, instantly, directly 2）地点状语从句：where , wherever 3）原因状语从句：as, because, since, seeing (that) , considering (that) , now that , not thatbut that 4）目的状语从句：that , so that , i
28、n order that , lest , for fear that , in case,连词,5）结果状语从句：that , so that , such that 6）条件状语从句：if , unless , so/as long as, so far as, on condition (that ) ,provided ( that ) 7）让步状语从句：though , although , no matter , even if , even though , however , whatever 8）比较状语从句：than , as 9）方式状语从句：as , as if , a
29、s though,连词,真题回顾,We stored up some food and water _ things got worse. (08) even though B. what if C. now that D. in case,2. We should learn from this lesson and consider the long-term influence of dams _ the short-term benefits.(08) rather than B. owing to C. because of D. or else,连词,3. Her hair was
30、 golden when she was a child, but it went darker _ she grew up. (08) A. If B. as C. since D. even,4. Call the university operator, _ you will find the phone number of Professor Smith. (08) A. So B. and C. when D. before,连词,5. _ its good performance, the machine is too expensive. (09) Besides B. Exce
31、pt for C. In spite of D. Apart from,6. You may write an e-mail to me or just phone me. _ will do.(09) A. Each B. Either C. Neither D. None,连词,7. -Do you like pop music or country music?-_. I only like sports. (10) A. Each B. Either C. Neither D. Both,It was already ten oclock in the evening _ we arr
32、ived at the hotel. (10) A. since B. while C. that D. when,9. _ a change of weather, please take the coat with you. (11) Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for,写作中常用的过渡词可以分为以下几类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词： and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor等。 （2）表
33、递进关系的过渡词： besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats worse等。（3）表转折对比的过渡词： but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, not onlybut also, the formerthe latter, the first whereas the second, on th
34、e one hand on the other hand, someothers等。,（4）表原因的过渡词： because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to, for this reason, owing to, considering that, seeing that等。 （5）表结果的过渡词： so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, hence, sothat, suchthat, accordingly等。（6）表条件的过渡词： if, unles
35、s, on condition that, as/so long as等。,（7）表时间的过渡词： when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now
36、, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。 （8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词： first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterwards（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, e
37、ventually（终于）等。,（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词： in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词： for instance, for example, take as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等。（11）表陈述事实的过渡词： in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。 （12）表
38、强调的过渡词： certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等。,（13）表比较、对比的过渡词： like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, on th
39、e contrary, by contrast, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise 等。（14）表目的的过渡词： for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。（15）表总结的过渡词： in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusionin summary, on the whole等。 （16）表增补的过渡词：i
40、n addition, furthermore, besides, moreover, whats more等。,数词重要点拨,一、基数词及其主要用法：表示数目的词称基数词。 15 fifteen 242 two hundred and forty-two， 5058 five thousand and fifty-eight， 9,600,000 nine million six hundred thousand,数词,1.基数词可以用于数字的计算。6+8=14 Six plus eight is fourteen.9-7=2 Nine minus seven is two.7X5= 35
41、Seven times five is thirty-five.84=2 Eight divided by four is two.2基数词可以表示人的大致年龄和年代。He died in his fifties.This took place in 1990s/1990s.The professor became successful in his thirties.,数词,3基数词可以用来表达年份、时间、电话号码。1700 seventeen hundred1814 eighteen fourteen9:20 nine twenty11:30 eleven thirty/ half pas
42、t eleven5:45 five forty-five/ a quarter to six4基数词可以用于编号。Number six, line 4, page 19, Bus (No.) 332, Platform (No.) 5, Room 101,数词,5基数词可以和其他词一起构成合成形容词，在句子中作定语。 A one-month-old baby can recognize its mother by smell.This eleven-month-old baby can speak a few words. (The baby is eleven months old.)The
43、 teacher asked us to write a four-thousand-word essay as our homework.(There are four thousand words in the essay.)This four-paragraph essay is too difficult for me to understand.(There are four paragraphs in this essay. ),数词,二、序数词及其主要用法表示顺序的词称为序数词。如first, second, third, fourth, ninth, twenty-first,
44、 forty-fifth等。 序数词可以用来表示日期和世纪。May the first / the first of May(5.1), August the eighth / the eighth of August(8.8), the twentieth century, the twenty-first century 序数词在句子中前面一般加theThe first of October is our National Day.She was the third to arrive. 序数词在句子中前面加不定冠词，表示“再一“又一“。Theyll have to do it a sec
45、ond time.Shall I ask him a third time?When he sat down , a fourth man rose to ask.,数词,三、分数词的构成 分数的分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示； 若分子大于1，分母需用复数。 two-thirds (2/3), one-third (1/3), nine-tenths (9/10), (5/12) five-twelfths 特殊表达法有：one half (1/2),a quarter (1/4), three quarters (3/4) 。,数词,数词部分需特别注意dozen, hundred, mi
46、llion, billion 表示具体数字时，这些词用单数形式； 表示不具体的数字时，须用dozens of, hundreds of 这类的结构。I want three dozen eggs/ of these.He has been there dozens of times.It is reported that _ people in this area were saved in the storm.A. hundred B. hundred of C. hundreds of D. some hundreds (答案 C),考试重点:,数词,当数词与名词构成合成形容词时，合成形容
47、词中间若用连字符，则其中的名词须用单数形式。The homework for the next period is to write a two-hundred-word composition about your hometown.Mary is a eleven-year-old girl.(Mary is eleven years old.),数词,1. It is _ from my school to the railway station.(10真题) two-hours walk B. two-hours walk C. two-hour walk D. a two-hour walk,数词,
