1、第一节 概述 大纲对 A级考试中语法部分的要求是:掌握基本的英语语法规则 , 在听 、 说 、 读 、 写 、 译中正确运用所学语法知识 。 语法结构是高等学校英语应用能力考试 (PRETCO)中的一个必考项目 , 它包括语法和词汇两部分 。 其考试类型主要分为两种:单项选择题和填空题 。 从历年来的 PRETCO考试情况来看 , 语法部分多偏重于非谓语动词与谓语动词形式 、 复合句及虚拟语气等方面的试题 。 词汇题主要测试句法结构 、 词法和词性变化 , 考查考生对词汇的总体掌握情况及其运用能力 。 本章节主要介绍常考语法与词汇的重点和难点 。 第二节 题型分析分析与解题技巧 一、语法结构
2、语法结构部分包括选择题和填空题两部分,Section A为选择题,要求考生从每题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,每题 0.5分; Section B为填空题,要求考生用所给的词的适当形式填空,每题 1分,考查语法和词性转变 (参见本节 2.1) 1. 主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。下面让我们看看不同类型的主谓一致。 1.1 名词做主语 1.1.1一般名词:有些名词的单复数形式一样,如:headquarters (总部 ), means (方法,手段 ), species (种类,品种 ), series (系列 ), works (工厂 )等,其动词的单复数形式取决于
3、这些名词做主语时在句中的单、复数含义: 示例 a. Every means has been tried but without much result. (名词 means由限定词 every修饰,此句中表单数意义,所以谓语动词部分必须用单数形式。) b. These works have been closed since the beginning of this year due to the strike of the workers.( 名词 works由限定词 these修饰,此句中表复数意义,所以谓语动词部分必须用复数形式。) c. Are/ Is there any othe
4、r means of solving the problem?(动词形式可以用 are或 is,因 any other后既可以接单数名词,也可以接复数名词。用 are表示其它方法,也可以用 is表示和现在所用的方法相对比的另一种方法。) d. Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.(本句中 series是泛指,与句中 those相呼应,所以动词要用复数形式。) 注 a series of 此短语表示“一系列”,后面跟复数名词。如果此短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物,谓语动词部分用单数形式。如果此短语表示的是一系列“不同种类”的事
5、物,谓语动词部分用复数形式。 示例 a. A series of wet days spoils our holiday.( wet days表示“阴雨天气”,属同一种类的事物,因此谓语动词用了单数形式。) b. There are a series of strange objects in his suitcase.( strange objects可以是不同种类的事物,因此谓语部分动词用了复数形式。) 1.1.2 学科名词: 如 physics(物理学 ),mechanics(机械学 ), economics(经济学) , electronics(电子学) , mathematics(数
6、学) , politics(政治学)等等,如果前面没有形容词性物主代词修饰时,用单数谓语动词;如果前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,用复数谓语动词。 示例 a. Politics is a good topic for discussion. b. Economics has fascinated me. c. My mathematics are very poor. 1.1.3 表示成双成对的词 : glasses(眼镜) , trousers(裤子) , scissors(剪刀) , shoes(鞋) , shorts(短裤) , socks(短袜) , stockings(长统袜)等,如果之
7、前没有单位词 a pair of, a kind of, a series of 等修饰而单独使用,谓语动词用复数;如果有单位词等修饰,谓语动词则用单数。 示例 a. His glasses are very expensive. b. One pair of scissors is not enough. 1.1.4 集合名词: 大部分集合名词的谓语动词有单、复数两种形式 ,这主要取决于作者的强调点:强调整体时,用单数谓语;强调这个集体里的成员时,用复数谓语。这样的集合名词有: family (家庭、家庭成员 ), class(班级、班级成员),people(民族、人民) , staff(全
8、体职工,全体雇员、(军队的)全体参谋人员) , crew(全体队员、船员、机组人员等) , crowd(人群) , group(组、群) , public(公众)等。 a. Our class is a very good class. (此句中 class作整体,意思是“班级”。 ) b. The class are watching a football match in the playground. (此句中 class作个体,意思是“班级成员”。) 示例 1.1.5 专有名词和不可数名词: 谓语一律用单数形式。前者指人名、地名、国家名、城市名、书名、机构名或重大事件。后者又可分为物质
9、和抽象名词两大类。 示例 The United Nations is trying to find a better way to bring the two parties together.( The United Nations是机构名。) 1.1.6 特殊复数形式的名词: phenomenon - phenomena(现象) , goose - geese(鹅) , mouse - mice(老鼠), datum-data(数据 )等这些词的复数形式可能并不明显,所以常导致谓语单复数错误。 1.2 不定代词和带限定词的名词做主语 1.2.1不定代词或 each, every加名词做主语
10、: every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything在句中做主语,或做限定词限定名词(此时名词常为单数名词)时,后面的谓语一律用单数。 示例 a. Each family was forced to send one labor to the army.(此句中 each作限定词,限定单 数名词family,因此谓语部分动词形式为单数。) 注 上述词语做限定词加 of时,
11、后面的名词或代词都应该用复数,但谓语却用单数。即使有定语从句,其主句、从句谓语仍用单数。 示例 Each one of us who is now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries.(现在活着的人一定会见到伟大的科学发现。) 1.2.2 限定词加名词做主语: all, any, many, more, most, some的谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。 all, any, many, more, most, some修饰单数名词或不可数名词时,谓语为单数;当修饰复数名词时谓语为复数。 示例
12、 a. There is some girl at the telephone who wants to speak to you.(此句中 some修饰单数名词girl,所以谓语部分动词用单数形式。) b. If there is any trouble, please dont hesitate to turn to me.(此句中 any修饰不可数名词 trouble,所以从句中谓语部分动词用单数。) c. More experience is essential for getting a higher position.(此句中 more修饰不可数名词experience(经验),所
13、以谓语部分动词用单数。) d. All roads lead to Rome.(此句中 all修饰复数名词 roads,所以谓语部分动词用复数形式。) e. There are scarcely any flies left.(此句中 any修饰复数名词 flies,所以谓语部分动词用复数形式。) 注 many不能修饰不可数名词。 Many a, more than one 这样的短语是固定搭配,后接名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式; most不能和单数名词连用来表示单数。 示例 a. Many a thing _ before we go tripping. A) has done B) h
14、as been done C) have done D) have been done 此题选 B)。 many a thing作主语,谓语动词用单数;且句子要用现在完成时的被动态。 b. More than one student _ that mistake before. A)had made B) has been made C) have made D) has made 此题选 D)。 more than one student作主语,谓语动词用单数;且句子要用现在完成时的主动态。 1.3 含有 of的短语和介宾短语做主语 1.3.1 half of, all of, any of
15、, a lot of, most of, percent of, some of, three fourths of, the rest of等短语后接名词或代词作主语时,其谓语动词的单复数取决于 of后面所跟的名词或代词,即:单数名词或代词要求用单数动词;复数名词或代词用复数动词。 the rest /all单独做主语,如果表示的是剩下的 /所有的东西,则谓语动词用单数;如果表示的是其余的 /所有的,特别指人时,其谓语动词应该用复数。 示例 a. In this city, more than 30 percent of people are from other provinces.(此句
16、中 30 percent of后接表个体的集合名词 people,所以谓语部分动词必须用复数形式。) b. Half of my spare time is spent on my hobby.(此句中 half of后接不可数名词 time,所以谓语部分动词必须用单数形式。) c. All that I can do has been done. (所有我能做的都已做了。 ) d. Some of children are playing football in the yard, the rest are staying in the room. 1.3.2 a number of后面要求
17、加复数名词或代词,其动词用复数形式,其意是“大量、许多、若干”,等于 numbers of;而 the number of后面加复数名词或代词时,其谓语用单数,其意是“总数、合计”,强调的是一个数字,所以应该看成单数主语。 示例 a. Nowadays a number of college students dream of going abroad.(句中 a number of的意思是“许多”,相当于 a number of / many。) b. The number of people in this city has risen up to 1.2 million.(这座城市的人口
18、已经达到了 120万。) 1.4 连词加名词做主语 1.4.1 not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, or, nor 等连接多个名词或代词做主语时,谓语动词采用“就近原则”,即谓语动词的单复数取决于离谓语最近的那个名词或代词。 示例 a. Neither my travelers checks nor the money that my father cabled me is sufficient to pay for the ticket.(此句中谓语部分动词的形式取决于the money) b. Not only the teacher but a
19、lso the students were invited.(句中谓语复数形式取决于 the students。) 1.4.2由 and连接两个或多个主语时,后面一般都跟复数谓语动词,但当不表示并列,而是表示“兼”、同一概念或意义上不可分割时谓语要用单数。 示例 a. The singer and dancer attends our evening.( the singer and dancer表示同一概念,and后没有冠词,此短语译为“这位歌手兼舞蹈家”。) b. The / A singer and the / a dancer attend our evening.(表示两个人时, a
20、nd连接的是两个人。 the / a singer and the / a dancer意思为“这 /一位歌手和这 /一位舞蹈家”。 1.4.3 主语加 as well as / rather than / more than / no less than / along with结构中,谓语动词形式视主语本身单复数而定(考点:通常该主语是单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数。) 示例 a. The teacher rather than the students is responsible for the accident. (此句主语为 the teacher,因此谓语要用单数。 ) 1.5 数
21、词、量词和动名词、不定式、从句等做主语 1.5.1 数量词做主语:凡是计量时间、距离、金额、体积、尺寸、重量等的数量词做主语时,谓语动词都用单数。 示例 a. 10 years is not long.( 10 years 为数量词,在句中做主语,所以谓语动词为单数。) 1.5.2 单个动名词或不定式做主语时,谓语动词一律用单数。 示例 a. Seeing is believing.(眼见为实) periods each time.( 我们完成每个单元每次都要花六节课的时间。) 1.5.3单个从句作主语时,主句的谓语动词要用单数形式。 示例 a.1991年 6月四级第 69题 How clos
22、e parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of the children. A) have B) has C) having D) to have 此题答案为 B)。句子缺少谓语动词,且句子主语为单个从句 How close parents are to their children,谓语动词应该为单数形式,所以选 B)。 b. Whether or not he will come has not been known. (此句主语为单个从句 Whether or not he will com
23、e,所以谓语形式为单数。 ) 解题技巧 1.认真阅读题干,从句子结构和所给选项或单词判断考点是否是动词的数; 2.从动词的逻辑主语上确定动词的单、复数形式; 3.将答案放入题干中检查是否在结构和意义上都是正确的。 2. 虚拟语气 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。这一语法点是PRETCO( A级)的必考内容,也是各类英语考试中测试的重点之一。 2.1 虚拟语气在 if条件状语从句中的应用 (详见表2.1)表 2.1 if条件从句 主句 同现在事实相反的假设 一般过去时 were would/ s
24、hould/ could/ might +动词原形 与过去事实相反的假设 过去完成时 would / should / could / might + have + 过去分词 表示对将来的假想 一般过去时 were+ 不定式 should+ 动词原形 would / should /could/ might +动词原形 2.1.1 虚拟现在时是表示与现在事实相反的假设,其 if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式 (be 一 般用 were),主句用 would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 示例 a. If I woke up to find the room is f
25、ull of smoke, I would have no idea what to do. (In fact, I wake up and dont find the room is full of smoke.) 2.1.2 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即 had过去分词,主句用 would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。 示例 a. If he hadnt been drunk, he wouldnt have lost control of the car. (In fact, he was dru
26、nk and he lost control of the car.) 2.1.3虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。 If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用 were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。 示例 a. If I went / were to go / should go to the moon in my life, I could realize my dream. (In fact, its impossible that I will go to the moon in my l
27、ife and I cannot realize my dream.) 2.1.4虚拟语气用在省略 if 采用倒装语序的条件句中 有时可以把 should、 were或 had等助动词的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去,而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用部分倒装结构。(这种结构在口语中很少使用)。 示例 a. Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer. (= If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer.) b. Were I you, I w
28、ould have a talk with my parents. (=If I were you, I would have a talk with my parents.) 2.1.5有时虚拟条件句并没用 if 从句表示出来,而是用介词短语 (but for, with, without)、 上下文或其它方式来表示。 示例 a. Without water (= If there were not water), plants couldnt survive on earth. b. I didnt know his address; otherwise I would have written to him. c. But for the heavy rain (= If it hadnt been for the rain), I would have been there before nine.